Table 2.
Characteristics of the participants
| Variables | Overall (n = 12,508) | Hearing loss (n = 2946) | No hearing loss (n = 9562) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 60.5 ± 9.6 | 64.8 ± 10.1 | 59.1 ± 9.1 | < 0.001 |
| Gender | 0.832 | |||
| Male | 5889 (47.1) | 1382 (46.9) | 4507 (47.1) | |
| Female | 6619 (52.9) | 1564 (53.1) | 5055 (52.9) | |
| Education | < 0.001 | |||
| Illiterate | 3851 (30.8) | 1249 (42.4) | 2602 (27.3) | |
| Literate | 947 (7.6) | 237 (8.0) | 710 (7.4) | |
| Primary | 3232 (25.9) | 788 (26.8) | 2444 (25.6) | |
| Middle | 3016 (24.1) | 500 (17.0) | 2516 (26.4) | |
| High and above | 1449 (11.6) | 172 (5.8) | 1277 (13.4) | |
| Rural | 10,191 (81.7) | 2523 (85.7) | 7668 (80.4) | < 0.001 |
| Smoking | < 0.001 | |||
| Never | 7388 (59.1) | 1702 (57.8) | 5686 (59.5) | |
| Current | 3475 (27.8) | 768 (26.1) | 2707 (28.3) | |
| Past | 1638 (13.1) | 474 (16.1) | 1164 (12.2) | |
| Drinking | < 0.001 | |||
| Never | 6717 (53.8) | 1611 (54.8) | 5106 (53.5) | |
| Current | 4381 (35.1) | 912 (31.0) | 3469 (36.3) | |
| Past | 1392 (11.1) | 419 (14.2) | 973 (10.2) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | < 0.001 | |||
| < 18.5 | 702 (5.6) | 233 (7.9) | 469 (4.9) | |
| 18.5–24.9 | 7137 (57.1) | 1730 (58.7) | 5407 (56.6) | |
| 25.0–29.9 | 3717 (29.7) | 758 (25.7) | 2959 (31.0) | |
| ≥ 30.0 | 688 (5.5) | 155 (5.3) | 533 (5.6) | |
| Central Obesity | 3307 (26.4) | 753 (25.6) | 2554 (26.7) | 0.383 |
| Hypertension | 5584 (44.7) | 1543 (52.5) | 4041 (42.3) | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes | 2286 (18.3) | 638 (21.7) | 1648 (17.3) | < 0.001 |
| Stroke | 329 (2.6) | 116 (3.9) | 213 (2.2) | < 0.001 |
| HDL Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 51.2 ± 11.6 | 51.4 ± 12.1 | 51.2 ± 11.5 | 0.424 |
| LDL Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 102.5 ± 29.0 | 101.8 ± 29.2 | 102.7 ± 29.0 | 0.152 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 128.7 ± 20.0 | 131.2 ± 21.1 | 128.0 ± 19.6 | < 0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 75.8 ± 11.7 | 75.2 ± 11.5 | 75.9 ± 11.7 | 0.006 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 90.1 ± 16.4 | 86.0 ± 17.1 | 91.3 ± 16.0 | < 0.001 |
| eGFR groups (mL/min/1.73 m2) | < 0.001 | |||
| ≥ 90 | 7498 (60.0) | 1456 (49.4) | 6042 (63.2) | |
| 60–89 | 4315 (34.5) | 1241 (42.1) | 3074 (32.2) | |
| < 60 | 695 (5.6) | 249 (8.5) | 446 (4.7) |
Note: Data are expressed as number (%) or mean ± SD, unless otherwise indicated
†Number (%) of missing data points: 13 (0.10%) in education, 30 (0.24%) in area of residence, 7 (0.06%) in smoking, 18 (0.14%) in drinking, 264 (2.11%) in BMI, 443 (3.54%) in central obesity, 25 (0.20%) in hypertension, 38 (0.30%) in diabetes, 146 (1.17%) in stroke, 1 (0.00%) in LDL cholesterol, 259 (2.07%) in SBP, 259 (2.07%) in DBP
Abbreviations: BMI body mass index, HDL high-density lipoprotein, LDL low-density lipoprotein, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate