Table 1.

Characteristics of the included studies

Author and date	Study population			Study setting	Geographical location	Type of cancer indicated	Study design	Outcome
	Gender and age Number or population percentage type
Bosch, 2013 [90]	Women, children, men	Not specified	Not specified	SSA	Not specified	Cervical cancer, anal cancer	Review	HIV-positive women had two- to 22-folds increase risk of developing cervical cancer as compared to HIV-negative women
Brickman, 2015 [91]	Female, male	Not specified	15,000 HIV-infected individuals	SSA Uganda	Kyadondo County	Cervical anal cancer	Review	Incidence of cervical cancer was reported to be 70 per 100,000 women-years and a SIR of 2.7 among HIV-infected women as compared to HIV-uninfected women
Capo-chichi, 2016 [97]	Women (sexually active)	20 to 60 years old (average 38 years)	86 = control group 86 = HIV-infected women	Benin	Contonou	Cervical cancer	Transversal case control	HIV-infected women have a higher prevalence and persistence of HPV infection, an increased risk for abnormal Pap smears and cervical cancer -The study further highlighted that among the HIV-negative group, one woman with HPV and no lamin A/C developed cervical lesions and two women with no HPV but with total absence of lamin A/C developed cervical cancer -Five had low-grade squamous intraepithelial0 lesion (LSIL), one had high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL), and 4/86 (5%) had cervical dysplasia among HIV-infected women
De Vuyst, 2013 [92]	Women Men	Not specified	Not specified	SSA	Not specified	Cervical cancer, anal cancer	Review	-HIV positivity is associated with increased prevalence of cervical HPV infection -HIV-infected individuals who live longer on cART may be at increased risk of persistent HPV infection and precancerous CIN progressing to cervical cancers
			379 HIV-negative and 107 HIV-positive women with ICC	Uganda
Firnhaber, 2012 [93]	Women Men MSM	Not specified	400	South Africa	Cape Town	Cervical cancer Anal cancer Oropharyngeal cancer Vaginal cancer Vulvar cancer	Review	-HIV-infected women have a higher prevalence of HPV infection and cervical abnormalities compared to HIV-seronegative women throughout the world -Studies confirmed that HIV-positive women harbored high-risk HPV -HPV-related anal cancer is increasing in both HIV-infected women and men despite ARV treatment -Vulvar cancer occurs in HIV-infected women who are less than 40 years -HIV-infected people appear to have a rate of two to four times higher of oropharyngeal cancer than HIV-uninfected populations -The risk of invasive penile cancer is estimated to be 20 times higher among HIV-infected men as compared to HIV-uninfected men
			145	Zambia
			148	South Africa SSA
Heard, 2011 [94]	Women	Not specified	Not specified	SSA Senegal	Not specified	Cervical cancer	Review	Study from Senegal reported a substantial increase in the risk of invasive cervical cancer (ICC) which was observed with OR of 6.5 for ICC (95% CI 2.1–19.8) in HIV-infected women compared with control group of HIV-negative women
Jedy-Agba, 2016 [98]	Female, male	Not specified	Not specified	SSA Nigeria	Not specified	Cervical cancer Oropharyngeal cancer Anal cancer	Quantitative	Study in Nigeria reported a two-fold higher risk of cervical cancer in people living with HIV/AIDS
Louie, 2009 [95]	Women	Not specified	Not specified	South Africa Uganda	Not specified	Invasive cervical cancer	Review	HIV-infected women are at higher risk of being infected with Hr-HPV and are at a higher risk for persistence and associated cervical disease progression than HIV-uninfected women
Palefsky, 2006 [96]	Men who have sex with men Women	Not specified	Not specified	SSA South Africa Uganda Senegal	Not specified	Anal cancer Cervical cancer	Review	HIV positivity is associated with increased prevalence of cervical HPV infection and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia