Table 1.
General study characteristics of the included studies investigating the association between adherence to DASH dirt and risk of all-cause mortality and specific mortality
| Author name, publication year | Study name, country | Follow-up duration (year) |
Mortality endpoints (Num) | Diet assessment method, item, assessment time | DASH dietary pattern score range/ component (score range) | Covariates |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Folsom 2007 [37] | Iowa Women s Health Study, USA | 16 | CVD (1121) | Validated FFQ1, 127, baseline | 11 components: Total grains, whole grains, fruits, vegetables, total dairy, total meats, nuts, seeds and dry beans, sweets, sodium, total fats, saturated fatty acids. (8–40) | Age, energy intake, education, BMI, waist/hip, smoking status and pack-years, estrogen use, alcohol intake, physical activity, and multivitamin use |
| Stroke (236) | ||||||
| George 2014 [22] | Women’s Health Initiative Study, USA | 12.9 |
CVD (1483) Cancer (2384) |
Validated FFQ, 122, baseline | 8 components: fruit, vegetables, nuts and legumes, whole grains, low-fat dairy products, sodium, red and processed meats and sweetened beverages (8–40) | Age, race/ethnicity, educational level, marital status, smoking, physical activity, daily energy intake, postmenopausal hormone therapy, diabetes, BMI, and alcohol |
| Yu 2014 [34] | Shanghai Men’s Health Study, China | 6.5 | All-cause (4348) | Validated FFQ, 81, baseline | 7 components: vegetables; fruits; dairy; meat, poultry, fish, and eggs; nuts, seeds, and legumes; fats and oils; and sodium. (0–70) | Age, Educational Attainment, Income, Cigarette smoking, Alcohol consumption, Physical activity, multivitamin supplement; BMI, Waist-to-hip ratio; History of CVD, Diabetes, or Hypertension; and Total energy intake. |
| CVD (1344) | ||||||
| Cancer (1836) | ||||||
| Shanghai Women’s Health Study, China | 12 | All-cause (2954) | FFQ, 77, baseline | |||
| CVD (964) | ||||||
| Cancer (1290) | ||||||
| Reedy 2014 [38] | NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study, USA | 15 | All-cause (54871) | Validated FFQ, 124, baseline | 8 components: fruit, vegetables, nuts and legumes, whole grains, low-fat dairy products, sodium, red and processed meats, and sweetened beverages. (8–40) | Age, ethnicity, education, BMI, smoking, vigorous physical activity, energy intake, marital status, Diabetes, and alcohol |
| CVD (15497) | ||||||
| Cancer (18646) | ||||||
| Cuenca-García 2014 [36] | Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study, USA | 11.6 | All-cause (358) | 3-day diet record, baseline | 8 components: fruits and vegetables, fish, whole grains, nuts/seeds and legumes, sodium, added sugar, processed meat, and saturated fat. (0–8) |
Age, sex, energy intake, examination year, smoking, alcohol, abnormal resting or exercise electrocardiogram, parental history of premature CVD, physical activity, and cardiorespiratory fitness |
| CVD (102) | ||||||
| Cancer (134) | ||||||
| Boggs 2015 [39] | Black Women s Health Study, USA | 16 | All-cause (1678) | Validated FFQ, 98, baseline and every 2 year | 8 components: fruits (including fruit juice), vegetables, nuts and legumes, whole grains, and low-fat dairy, sodium, red and processed meats, and sugar-sweetened beverages. (8–40) | Age, total energy intake, education, marital status, vigorous exercise, television watching, smoking, BMI, and alcohol |
| CVD (428) | ||||||
| Cancer (742) | ||||||
| Harmon 2015 [23] | Multiethnic Cohort Study, USA | 13–18 | All-cause (18263) | Validated FFQ, 182, baseline | 8 components: fruit, vegetables, nuts and legumes, whole grains, low-fat dairy products, sodium, red and processed meats, and sweetened beverages. (8–40) | Age, energy intake, history of diabetes, ethnicity, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, smoking, education, marital status, hormone-replacement therapy, BMI, and alcohol |
| CVD (6408) | ||||||
| Cancer (5853) | ||||||
| Lassale 2016 [40] | Pan-EPIC, Europe | 12.8 | All-cause (15200) | Validated FFQ, baseline | 8 components: fruit, vegetables, nuts and legumes, whole grains, low-fat dairy products, sodium, red and processed meats, and sweetened beverages. (8–40) | Age, sex, BMI, smoking status, physical activity level and educational level |
| CVD (3761) | ||||||
| Cancer (7475) | ||||||
| Park 2016 [41] | Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey | 18.6 | All-cause (296) | A single 24-h dietary recall, baseline | 9 components: fruits, vegetables, nuts and legumes, low-fat dairy products, whole grains, fat (total/saturated), sodium, sweets, and red meats. (0–9) | Age, sex, race/ethnicity, educational attainment, income, smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and total energy intake |
| CVD (67) | ||||||
| Cancer (79) | ||||||
| Biesbroek 2017 [42] | EPIC-NL, Netherland | 19.2 | All-cause (3845) | Validated FFQ, 178, baseline | 8 components: fruit, vegetables, nuts and legumes, whole grains, low-fat dairy products, sodium, red and processed meats, and sweetened beverages. (8–40) | Age, BMI, educational level, smoking status, total energy intake, physical activity and alcohol consumption |
| Zaslavsky 2017 [33] | Women s Health Initiative Study, USA | 12.4 | All-cause (3259) | Validate FFQ, 122, baseline and 3 year after baseline | 8 components: fruit, vegetables, nuts and legumes, whole grains, low-fat dairy products, sodium, red and processed meats, and sweetened beverages. (8–40) | Age, energy and protein intake, race/ethnicity, education, income, smoking, number of frailty criteria, physical activity, and BMI |
| Jones 2018 [43] | EPI C-Norfo lk cohor t study, Britania | 12.4 | All-cause (6567) | Validated FFQ, 130, baseline | 8 components: fruit, vegetables, nuts and legumes, whole grains, low-fat dairy, red and processed meats, salt, and non-milk extrinsic sugars. (8–40) | Age, sex and dietary energy, smoking status, alcohol intake, physical activity, BMI, diabetes, SES, marital status, use of antihypertensive medication, use of lipid-lowering medication and history of CVD |
| CVD (1647) | ||||||
| Aigner 2018 [44] | Multiethnic Cohort Study, USA | 17.6 | Stroke (3548) | Validated FFQ, 180, baseline | 8 components: fruit, vegetables, nuts and legumes, whole grains, low-fat dairy products, sodium, red and processed meats, and sweetened beverages. (8–40) | Age, energy intake, history of diabetes, ethnicity, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, smoking, education, marital status, hormone-replacement therapy, BMI, and alcohol |
1Food frequency questionnaire