Figure 1.

Overview of 3D printing of piezoelectric materials for bone stimulating implants. (A) shows exemplarily the binder jetting process used for the fabrication of piezoelectric scaffolds. (B) indicates different applications of the piezoelectric effect for bone stimulation. Piezoelectric implants have the potential to stimulate electrically (direct piezoelectric effect), mechanically (indirect piezoelectric effect) or could be used as an energy harvesting device to power other implants or sensors.