Table 2.

Summary of saponin extractions methods of C. quinoa.

Extraction Technique	Objective	State of Input Material	Solid/Solvent	Solvent Used	Extraction Duration (h)	Extraction Temperature (° C)	Mechanical Aid	Ref.
Maceration	Study of immunoadjuvant activity, toxicity assays, and determination of triterpenic saponins quinoa seeds	Seed powder	1:10	40% EtOH	1	50	Magnetic stirring	[46]
	Study of the anti-inflammatory activity of the saponin extract	Seed powder	1:9	50% EtOH	3		Constant stirring at 200 rpm	[47]
	Evaluation of preconditioning, extrusion, and roasting effects on compounds of quinoa	Seed powder	1:3 1:2	Acetate ethyl MeOH	24 24	-	Magnetic rod	[29]
	Isolation and identification of quinoa saponins	Seed powder	-	90% MeOH	-	-	-	[48]
	Study of saponin extraction kinetics by applying diffusion equations	Seed powder	1:10	50% EtOH	0.5	-	-	[24]
	Isolation and characterization of quinoa saponins	Seed powder	3:25	Petroleum ether MeOH EtOH Bu-OH	-	Room temperature	-	[49]
		Powdered seed coats	3:25
		Powdered flowers	2:25
	Isolation and identification of saponins from C. quinoa	Seed powder		H2O2 H2O2/BuOH	-	60	-	[50]
	Study of the effects of five treatment types on the saponin content, total phenolic compound content, and the antioxidant capacity of quinoa seeds grown in Brazil	Seed powder	1:10	50% EtOH	72	-	-	[26]
	Description of the leaching kinetics of saponins in C. quinoa	Seed powder	1:13	50% EtOH	2	-	Constant stirring (200 rpm)	[10]
	Identification of triterpenoid saponins	Seed powder	4kg/-	95% EtOH	3*72	Room temperature	-	[51]
	Study of the influence of drying temperature on kinetic parameters through the application of empirical models	Seed powder	1:10	MeOH	0.5		Magnetic stirrer	[23]
Soxhlet	Isolation and characterization of saponins in quinoa seeds by analytical and chemical methods	Seed powder	900g/-	Petroleum ether MeOH	72	Room temperature	Soxhlet extractor	[52]
	Description of the method for the separation and analysis of saponins in quinoa	Seed powder	1:40	Chloroform MeOH	16 30	-	Soxhlet extractor	[27]
Sonication	Identification of phenolic compounds and saponins of C. quinoa Willd	Seed powder	1:15	(4:1) MeOH/Water	1/3	Room temperature	Ultrasonic bath	[53]
	The production of rich saponin extracts from edible seeds (quinoa, soya beans, red lentils, fenugreek, and lupine)	Seed powder	1:10	EtOH EtOH/Water Water	0.25	Room temperature	Ultrasonic probe	[54]
	Optimization of processes of obtaining saponin-rich extracts from different plants	Seed powder	1:10	MeOH	0.25	Room temperature	Ultrasonic probe	[55]
Microwave	Evaluation of the efficiency of saponin extraction	Seed powder	1:20	20% EtOH 20% Isopropanol	1/3	90° C	Microwave	[45]