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. 2020 Mar 2;25(5):1102. doi: 10.3390/molecules25051102

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Inhibitory effects of GPR40 antagonist, PKC, and PPARγ inhibitors on gintonin-induced insulin secretion. Cells were incubated with gintonin (30 μg/mL), linoleic acid (200 μM, LA), or PMA (1 μM) in KRB buffer (3.3 mM glucose or 16.7 mM glucose) in the presence or absence of the GPR40 inhibitor GW1100 (5 μM) (a), the PKC inhibitor staurosporine (1 μM) (b), or the PPARγ inhibitor GW9662 (30 μM) (c) for 2 h. Various agents used here were dissolved in DMSO. Insulin secretion was measured using an insulin ELISA kit, as described in Materials and Methods. Data represent means ± SD (n = 4 to 6); * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, vs. control (Con). # p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01, ### p < 0.001, vs. GT alone. GT, gintonin; LA, linoleic acid; PMA, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate; PKC, protein kinase C; PPARγ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ.