Table 2.
Different sub-groups, examples, and dietary sources of flavonoids.
| Flavonoid Subgroup | Example | Dietary Sources | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Anthocyanins | Cyanidin | Edible red (red clover, red hibiscus, red pineapple sage, pink blossom); blue (blue chicory, blue rosemary, cornflower); purple (purple mint, purple passionflower, purple sage); berries, blackcurrants, black carrot, purple potato, red cabbage | Khoo et al. [25] |
| Delphinidin | |||
| Pelargonidin | |||
| Peonidin | |||
| Petunidin | |||
| Malvidin | |||
| Chalcones | Arbutin | Hops, hop containing beers and herbal teas | Stevens et al. [38]; Zhao et al. [29] |
| Chalconaringenin | |||
| Phloretin | |||
| Phloridzin | |||
| Xanthohumol | |||
| Flavanones | Eriodictyol | Citrus fruits like lemon, lime mandarin, orange; grapefruit, herbal tea (Honeybush tea), potato | Tomás-Barberán & Clifford [39] |
| Hesperetin | |||
| Hesperidin | |||
| Naringenin | |||
| Flavones | Apigenin | Dry herbs and teas (Roman Chamomile flowers, tansy leaf, fenugreek seed, rosemary, sage, black tea, green tea, oolong tea); juices and wines (bergamot juice, mandarin orange juice, citron juice, orange juice); fruits, vegetables, olive oil and honey (kiwi, spinach, parsley, celery, lettuce, artichoke, broccoli, watermelon, pumpkin, peas); cereals and legumes (chickpea, fava pea, field pea, wheat grain, black, brown, red and white rice) | Engelhardt et al., 1993 [40]; Carnat et al., 2004 [41]; Caristi et al., 2006 [42]; Wojdylo et al., 2007 [43]; Wijaya & Mares, 2012 [44]; Pereira-Caro et al., 2013 [45]; Magalhães et al. [46] |
| Baicalein | |||
| Diosmin | |||
| Isoorientin | |||
| Luteolin | |||
| Nobiletin | |||
| Tangeretin | |||
| Flavonols | Fisetin | Fruits (apples, berries, grapes), vegetables (curly kale, leek, lettuce, onions, tomatoes), tea, red wine | Egert & Rimbach [47] |
| Isorhamnetin | |||
| Kaempferol | |||
| Morin | |||
| Myricetin | |||
| Quercetin | |||
| Flavan-3-ol | Catechin | Dietary supplements, beverages, whole and processed foods | Prior et al. [34]; Si et al. [35] |
| (−)-Epicatechin | |||
| Epigallocatechin gallate | |||
| Isoflavones | Biochanin A | Kidney beans, lentils, mung bean sprouts, mung beans, red clover, soy products, soybeans, soy products | Ho et al. [48]; Zaheer and Akhtar [49] |
| Daidzein | |||
| Formononetin | |||
| Genistein | |||
| Glycitein | |||
| Puerarin |