Table 1.

Demographic, comorbidities, epidemiological characteristics, and clinical and laboratory findings of patients with confirmed COVID-19 at admission

Variables	Total (n = 92)	Mild-moderate at admission				Severe at admission (n = 30)	P value*
		Persistent mild-moderate during hospitalization (n = 51)	Mild-moderate to severe during hospitalization (n = 11)	P value#	Total (n = 62)
Demographic data
Age (years)	55 ± 16	49 ± 13	59 ± 17	0.032	51 ± 15	63 ± 16	0.001
Sex
Male	57 (62%)	26 (51%)	8 (72.7%)		34 (54.8%)	23 (76.7%)
Female	35 (38%)	25 (49%)	3 (27.3%)	0.189	28 (45.2%)	7 (23.3%)	0.043
Occupation
Agricultural worker	45 (48.9%)	25 (49%)	7 (63.6%)		32 (51.6%)	13 (43.3%)
Self-employed	21 (22.8%)	15 (29.4%)	2 (18.7%)		17 (27.4%)	4 (13.3%)
Employee	8 (8.7%)	5 (9.8%)	0 (0%)		5 (8.1%)	3 (10%)
Retired	17 (18.5%)	5 (9.8%)	2 (18.2%)		7 (11.3%)	10 (33.3%)
Students	1 (1.1%)	1 (2%)	0 (0%)	0.669	1 (1.6%)	0 (0%)	0.082
Smoking history
Yes	16 (17.4%)	7 (13.7%)	3 (27.3%)		17 (27.4%)	6 (20%)
No	76 (82.6%)	44 (86.3%)	8 (72.7%)	0.268	45 (72.6%)	24 (80%)	0.441
Comorbidities
Hypertension	33 (35.9%)	10 (19.6%)	7 (63.6%)	0.003	17 (27.4%)	16 (53.3%)	0.016
Diabetes	9 (9.8%)	1 (2%)	2 (18.2%)	0.024	3 (4.8%)	6 (20%)	0.022
Cardiovascular disease	8 (8.7%)	2 (3.9%)	1 (9.1%)	0.472	3 (4.8%)	5 (16.7%)	0.060
Chronic liver diseases	4 (4.3%)	2 (3.9%)	1 (9.1%)	0.472	3 (4.8%)	1 (3.3%)	0.741
Chronic renal diseases	3 (3.3%)	0 (0%)	1 (9.1%)	0.031	1 (1.6%)	2 (6.7%)	0.203
Others	6 (6.5%)	0 (0%)	2 (18.2%)	0.002	2 (3.2%)	4 (13.3%)	0.067
Epidemiological characteristics
Exposure to confirmed cases	46 (50%)	30 (58.8%)	5 (45.5%)	0.421	35 (56.5%)	11 (36.7%)	0.077
Family cluster	27 (29.3%)	15 (29.4%)	4 (36.4%)	0.653	19 (30.6%)	8 (26.7%)	0.696
Recent travel or residence to/in epidemic area	25 (27.2%)	11 (21.6%)	4 (36.4%)	0.303	15 (24.2%)	10 (33.3%)	0.358
Signs and symptoms
Fever	84 (91.3%)	45 (88.2%)	11 (100%)	0.235	56 (90.3%)	28 (93.3%)	0.633
Cough	58 (63%)	32 (62.7%)	7 (63.6%)	0.956	39 (62.9%)	13 (43.3%)	0.968
Fatigue	6 (6.5%)	1 (2%)	2 (18.2%)	0.024	3 (4.8%)	3 (10%)	0.350
Diarrhea	7 (7.6%)	1 (2%)	1 (9.1%)	0.229	2 (3.2%)	5 (16.7%)	0.023
Nausea and vomiting	4 (4.3%)	3 (5.9%)	1 (9.1%)	0.697	4 (6.5%)	0 (0%)	0.157
Shortness of breath	25 (27.2%)	2 (3.9%)	4 (36.4%)	0.001	6 (9.7%)	19 (63.3%)	< 0.001
Time to admission	3 (4)	4 (3)	1 (4)	0.011	4 (4)	1 (4)	0.211
Time to confirmed diagnosis	5 (5)	5 (4)	4 (4)	0.160	5 (4)	3 (6)	0.239
Laboratory parameters
WBC	6.5 (5.9)	5.2 (4.1)	7.5 ± 3.4	0.188	5.4 (4.5)	10.8 ± 5.6	< 0.001
Lymphocyte	0.8 (0.6)	0.97 ± 0.47	0.7 (0.4)	0.147	0.9 (0.7)	0.5 (0.5)	0.001
Platelet	191 (76)	193 (83)	170 ± 56	0.159	192 (84)	191 ± 45	0.851
CRP	27 (37)	13 (27)	37 ± 27	0.036	16 (30)	39 (29)	< 0.001
ALT	23 (22)	23 (24)	17 (15)	0.338	22 (23)	23 (16)	0.723
AST	22 (16)	21 (12)	21 (18)	1.000	21 (12)	26 (23)	0.236
Cr	75 (25)	71 ± 26	84 (39)	0.054	73 (28)	84 (33)	0.019
INR	0.98 (0.09)	0.97 ± 0.08	0.97 (0.04)	0.507	0.97 ± 0.06	1.01 ± 0.09	0.050
Bilirubin	10.8 (6.0)	12.2 (5.0)	10.0 (6.0)	0.912	10.6 (5.0)	12.6 (9.0)	0.097
LDH	281 ± 105	227 (103)	279 ± 101	0.376	229 (113)	339 (121)	< 0.001
CK	70 (76)	63 (61)	76 (60)	0.495	64 (58)	97 (172)	0.011
Urea nitrogen	5.3 (3.7)	4.4 (1.7)	6.8 (6.9)	< 0.001	4.6 (2.2)	7.7 (4.2)	< 0.001
CT scan
Normal	3 (3.3%)	3 (5.9%)	0 (0%)		3 (4.8%)	0 (0%)
Local lesion	5 (5.4%)	4 (7.8%)	0 (0%)		4 (6.5%)	1 (3.3%)
Multi-lesions	84 (91.3%)	44 (86.3%)	11 (100%)	1.000	55 (88.7%)	29 (96.7%)	1.000
ICU admission	27 (29.3%)	0 (0%)	8 (72.7%)	< 0.001	8 (12.9%)	19 (63.3%)	< 0.001

Data are expressed as number (percent), mean ± standard deviation (SD), or median (IQR)

^#P values comparing data between patients becoming severe and those who did not during hospitalization by the Mann-Whitney U test, chi-squared test, or Fisher’s exact test

*P values comparing data between mild-moderate patients and severe patients at admission