Table 5.
Multiple linear regression analysis^ between demographic, psychoneuroimmunity preventive measures and immediate mental health of respondents when returning to work during COVID-19 epidemic (n = 673).
| Variables | Mean IES-R score β (95% CI) | Mean DASS – 21 anxiety score β (95% CI) | Mean DASS – 21 depression score β (95% CI) | Mean DASS – 21 stress score β (95% CI) | Mean ISI scoreβ (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marital Status | |||||
| Single | Reference group | Reference group | Reference group | Reference group | |
| Married | 1.80 (0.22, 3.37), p = 0.025* | −0.60 (−1.15, −0.05), p = 0.031* | −0.66 (−1.33, 0.01), p = 0.054 | −0.15 (−0.78, 0.48), p = 0.640 | |
| Divorced/ Separated/ Widowed | 5.63 (1.42, 9.84), p = 0.009* | 1.54 (0.55, 3.03), p = 0.042* | 2.05 (0.22, 3.88), p = 0.028* | 2.53 (0.81, 4.25), p = 0.004* | |
| † Recent physical symptoms in the past 14 weeks | |||||
| Yes | 1.43 (0.54, 2.32), p = 0.002* | 1.35 (0.25, 2.45), p = 0.016* | 1.49 (0.35, 2.64), p = 0.011* | 1.30 (0.26, 2.33), p = 0.014* | |
| No | Reference group | Reference group | Reference group | Reference group | |
| Self-reported health | |||||
| Poor | 12.2 (5.93, 18.5), p < 0.001** | Non-Significant | 3.28 (0.45, 6.11), p = 0.023* | 4.12 (1.55, 6.68), p = 0.002* | |
| Normal | 2.51 (0.82, 4.19), p = 0.004* | 1.04 (0.30, 1.77), p = 0.006* | 1.23 (0.46, 2.00), p = 0.002* | 1.56 (0.87, 2.25), p < 0.001** | |
| Good | Reference group | Reference group | Reference group | Reference group | |
| Number of days since the return to work (24 Feb 2020) | |||||
| Not yet return to work | 2.33 (0.42, 4.20), p = 0.015* | ||||
| Within 7 days | 2.58 (0.32, 4.84), p = 0.026* | ||||
| 8 to 14 days | 2.58 (−0.12, 5.28), p = 0.061 | ||||
| No information | 2.99 (−0.22, 6.19), p = 0.068 | ||||
| 15 or more days | Reference group | ||||
| Improvement in workplace’s hygiene after the COVID-19 outbreak | |||||
| Workplace hygiene was good enough before the COVID-19 outbreak | Reference group | Reference group | |||
| Substantial improvement since the outbreak | 1.58 (−0.56, 3.71), p = 0.147* | −0.20 (−1.18, 0.79), p = 0.696 | |||
| Moderate Improvement since the outbreak | 3.31 (1.11, 5.50), p = 0.003* | 0.64 (−0.37, 1.65), p = 0.211 | |||
| Little improvement since the outbreak | 5.74 (3.28, 8.20), p < 0.001** | 1.21 (0.08, 2.34), p = 0.037 | |||
| Need further improvement | 9.79 (3.91, 15.7), p = 0.001** | 2.55 (−0.13, 5.23), p = 0.062 | |||
| Do you think returning to work is a health hazard? | |||||
| No | Reference group | Reference group | Reference group | Reference group | Reference group |
| Small | 3.91 (2.20, 5.63), p < 0.001** | 0.47 (−0.11, 1.05), p = 0.111 | 0.24 (−0.48, 0.96), p = 0.516 | 1.02 (0.22, 1.81) p = 0.012* | 1.18 (0.50, 1.85), p = 0.001* |
| Moderate | 5.21 (2.52, 7.89), p < 0.001** | 0.97 (0.05, 1.89), p = 0.039* | 0.92 (−0.21, 2.05), p = 0.111 | 1.53 (0.31, 2.75), p = 0.014* | 1.84 (0.77, 2.91), p = 0.001* |
| Serious | 10.3 (5.81, 14.77), p < 0.001** | 3.66 (2.14, 5.18), p < 0.001** | 3.05 (1.19, 4.90), p = 0.001** | 3.81 (1.79, 5.83), p < 0.001** | 3.57 (0.92, 6.57), p < 0.001** |
| Extremely Serious | 12.3 (5.17, 19.5), p = 0.001** | 7.31 (4.85, 9.76), p < 0.001** | 7.83 (4.84, 10.8), p < 0.001** | 7.70 (4.43, 10.97), p < 0.001** | 3.75 (0.92, 6.57), p = 0.009* |
| Do you think your company cares about your health? | |||||
| No | −1.93(−3.87, 0.01), p = 0.051 | ||||
| Not much | Non-Significant | ||||
| Neutral | Non-Significant | ||||
| Moderate | 0.83 (0.14, 1.53), p = 0.019* | ||||
| Care a lot | Reference group | ||||
| Do you cover your mouth while coughing? | |||||
| Always | −4.13 (−8.09, −0.17), p = 0.041* | ||||
| Most of the time | Non-Significant | ||||
| Sometime | Non-Significant | ||||
| Never/Rarely | Reference group | ||||
| Do you wash your hands after coughing? | |||||
| Always | −2.27 (−3.54, −0.99), p = 0.001* | −3.18 (−4.74, −1.63), p < 0.001** | −1.86 (−3.33, −0.39),p = 0.013* | ||
| Most of the time | −1.60 (−3.00, −0.21), p = 0.025* | −2.71 (−4.41, −1.01), p = 0.002* | Non-Significant | ||
| Sometime | Non-Significant | −2.35 (−4.26, −0.44), p = 0.016* | Non-Significant | ||
| Never/Rarely | Reference group | Reference group | Reference group | ||
| Do you think the 2-week duration of the closure of the workplace was useful to stop the spread of COVID-19 before returning to work? | |||||
| Not useful | Reference | Reference | |||
| Little usefulness | 1.36 (−0.13, 2.86), p = 0.074 | 1.53 (−0.08, 3.14), p = 0.063 | |||
| Moderate usefulness | 2.48 (0.86, 4.10), p = 0.003* | 3.29 (1.58, 5.01), p < 0.001** | |||
| Very useful | 0.86 (−0.58, 2.29), p = 0.241 | 1.08 (−0.46, 2.62), p = 0.168 | |||
| Extremely useful | 1.19 (−0.23, 2.62), p = 0.101 | 1.61 (0.08, 3.14), p = 0.039* | |||
*p < 0.05, p < 0.001**.
†Recent physical symptoms in the past 14 days include fever, chills, headache, myalgia, cough, difficulty in breathing, dizziness, coryza, sore throat, nausea, vomiting or diarrhea.
^All the regressions included demographics, occupational health and personal protection measure variables as independent variables and backward selection method was then applied to remove all insignificant variables.