Table 2.

Observed trends (NLP: using NLP; STND: using formal standards or semantic knowledge resources such as UMLS; DL: using deep learning technologies; SRC: using novel phenotype data sources; SUB: developing subtypes).

Reference	First author	NLP	STND	DL	SRC	SUB	Disease Focus	eMERGE	OHDSI
[14]	Datta, S	X
[15]	Liu, Q	X			X
[16]	Lyudovyk, O	X			X	X	Cancer	X
[17]	Liu, C	X		X				X
[18]	Hong, N		X
[19]	Shang, N		X					X	X
[20]	Hripcsak, G		X					X	X
[21]	Ostropolets, A		X		X				X
[22]	Reps, J		X		X				X
[23]	Swerdel, J		X						X
[24]	Warner, J		X				Cancer		X
[25]	Shen, F	X	X	X	X
[26]	Trace, JM				X		Parkinson’s
[27]	Mate, S		X
[28]	Meng, W						Cancer
[29]	Zhao, J		X	X			Cardiovascular	X
[30]	Chen, X		X			X	Rare disease
[31]	Xu, Z	X		X		X	Acute kidney injury
[32]	Zhang, L		X	X
[33]	Chen, P			X
TOTAL		6	12	6	6	3		5	6