Table 2.
Studies of the association of antepartum A1C and maternal post-partum abnormal glucose or type 2 diabetes (T2DM), by time of A1C measurement and year of publication
| First author | Study design (n) | Inclusion/exclusion | GDM criteria & prevalence n (%) | Time of antepartum A1C measurement and GDM diagnosis | Post-partum abnormal glucose criteria, prevalence n (%), and findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Greenberg33 | Case-control (n = 94) | Inclusion: | NDDG 94 (100) | Time of GDM diagnosis (gestational age not specified) | NDDG 32 (34) |
| GDM, | Diabetes 15 (16) | ||||
| 6 week post-partum | IGT 17 (18) | ||||
| 75 g OGTT | Women with diabetes or IGT had higher average A1C (P ≤ 0.002) | ||||
| Normal glucose: 5.7 ± 1.2 | |||||
| T2DM: 7.2 ± 1.1 | |||||
| IGT: 6.0 ± 1.0 | |||||
| Oldfield34 | Cohort (n = 73) | Inclusion: | WHO 73 (100) | Time of GDM diagnosis (gestational age not specified) | WHO 43 (59) |
| GDM | T2DM 27 (34) | ||||
| Exclusion: | IFG 2 (3) | ||||
| Diagnosed < 20 weeks gestation | IGT 14 (19) | ||||
| Higher A1C associated with increased odds of post-partum T2DM | |||||
| Caucasian OR: 9.15 [95% Cl 1.91, 43.87] | |||||
| South Asian OR: 4.95 [95%CI 1.35, 12.40] | |||||
| Ogonowski35 | Case-control (n = 318) | Inclusion: | WHO 318 (100) | Time of GDM diagnosis (gestational age not specified) | WHO 43 (14) |
| GDM, | Higher A1C associated with increased odds of post-partum abnormal glucose | ||||
| 6 week post-partum 75 g OGTT | |||||
| Exclusion: | OR: 2.36 [95% Cl 1.19, 4.68] | ||||
| Pre-pregnancy diabetes, | |||||
| Non-singleton pregnancy | |||||
| Pallardo36 | Case-control (n = 788) | Inclusion: | NDDG 788 (100) | After GDM diagnosis (third trimester) | ADA 200 (25) |
| GDM, | T2DM 43 (6) | ||||
| post-partum 75 g OGTT | Women with T2DM had higher average A1C (P < 0.001) | ||||
| Normal glucose: 5.07 ± 0.52 | |||||
| T2DM: 5.52 ± 0.66 | |||||
| Dalfra37 | Cohort (n = 65) | Inclusion: | ADA 65 (100) | After GDM diagnosis (third trimester) | WHO 16 (25) |
| GDM | T2DM 10 (15) | ||||
| Exclusion: | IGT 6 (9) | ||||
| Developed T1DM (n = 5) | Women with abnormal glucose did not have higher average A1C (P > 0.05) | ||||
| Normal glucose: 5.0 ± 0.6 | |||||
| T2DM: 4.9 ± 0.4 | |||||
| IGT: 5.2 ± 1.0 |
IGT, impaired glucose tolerance; IFG, impaired fasting glucose. See text for all other abbreviations.