. 2020 Apr 9;11:665. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00665

TABLE 7.

MANOVA of BRUMS subscales by demographic variables.

	Tension		Depression		Anger		Vigor		Fatigue		Confusion
Source	M	SD	M	SD	M	SD	M	SD	M	SD	M	SD
Gender F(6, 1424) = 17.52^†
Male (n = 991)	49.63	9.74	48.57^†	8.89	48.84^†	8.76	50.99^†	10.00	48.69^†	9.45	49.27^†	9.25
Female (n = 440)	50.89	10.60	53.19	11.57	52.64	12.00	47.96	9.68	52.90	10.59	51.67	11.39
Age group F(6, 1423) = 11.54^†
≤25 years (n = 763)	51.35^†	10.82	49.96	9.75	49.63	9.44	49.78	10.15	50.61	9.95	50.91^†	10.21
26+ years (n = 667)	48.50	8.79	50.04	10.33	50.43	10.64	50.35	9.80	49.27	10.03	48.99	9.70
Ethnicity F(12, 2784) = 6.43^†
Chinese^a (n = 1,163)	49.57	9.73	49.42	9.45	49.43	9.44	49.57*^c	9.82	49.88	9.75	49.68	9.72
Malay^b (n = 119)	53.89^†a	11.35	54.81^†a	12.35	55.00^†a	12.70	51.15	10.58	53.95^†ac	11.19	53.63^†a	11.82
Indian^c (n = 118)	51.56	11.43	51.46	11.77	51.17*^b	11.36	53.03	10.58	47.94	10.34	50.34	10.74
Level of education F(18, 3951) = 4.52^†
Primary/Secondary^a (n = 70)	50.29	9.88	50.04	9.92	50.03	9.17	54.75*^b	10.56	45.92*^bc	9.08	48.71	8.87
JC/IB/Poly/ITE^#b (n = 873)	50.82	10.44	49.56	9.61	49.60	9.73	50.12	9.97	50.20	10.05	50.44	10.01
University^c (n = 370)	48.86	9.35	51.12	10.81	50.76	10.76	48.67^†a	9.63	50.71	10.23	49.61	10.39
Postgraduate^d (n = 93)	48.09	8.49	49.35	10.11	50.35	10.31	50.88	10.12	48.72	9.13	49.09	9.47
Sport participation F(6, 1423) = 8.86^†
Sport (n = 954)	49.41*	9.48	49.20^†	9.33	49.27^†	9.31	51.07^†	10.07	49.43*	9.58	49.61	9.73
Non-sport (n = 476)	51.22	10.96	51.52	11.08	51.46	11.20	47.99	9.52	51.11	10.74	50.81	10.54

Table presents T-scores converted from raw scores with reference to local norms reported by Han et al., 2019. ^#JC = Junior College, IB = International Baccalaureate, Poly = Polytechnic Diploma, ITE = Institute of Technical Education Certification. *p < 0.008, ^†p < 0.001.