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. 2020 Apr 15;11:320. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00320

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Copyright © 2020 Keshavarz, Jo, Edosa and Han.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Effect of TmPGRP-LE silencing on the larval survival of T. molitor (n = 10 per treatment group), monitored for 10 days after microbial challenge. Knockdown efficiency of TmPGRP-LE in T. molitor larvae injected with target gene-specific dsRNA (A). Young larvae (n = 3 per group) were injected with 1 μL (1 μg) of TmPGRP-LE dsRNA and, after 6 days, the TmPGRP-LE transcript was determined by qRT-PCR. Survival of dsTmPGRP-LE-injected larvae during immune challenge with E. coli (B), S. aureus (C), and C. albicans (D). Larvae injected with dsRNA targeting enhanced green fluorescent protein (dsEGFP) was used as a negative control. Results are an average of three independent biological replicates. Asterisks (*) denote significant differences between EGFP- and TmPGRP-LE-silenced larvae (p < 0.05).