Table 4.
CSHQ subscale items for children with ASD and TD children.
| Each items and subscales of the CSHQ | Response of “usually” n (%) | χ 2 | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ASD (n = 252) | TD (n = 223) | |||
| Bedtime resistance | ||||
| Goes to bed at same time at night | 178(70.6) | 181(81.2) | 7.109 | 0.008 |
| Falls asleep in own bed | 36(14.3) | 101(45.3) | 55.417 | 0.000 |
| Sharing bed with parent/sibling | 94(37.3) | 57(25.6) | 7.521 | 0.006 |
| Needs person in room to fallasleep | 188(74.6) | 39(17.5) | 154.672 | 0.000 |
| Struggles at bedtime | 11(4.4) | 11(4.9) | 0.086 | 0.769 |
| Afraid of sleeping alone | 89(35.3) | 28(12.6) | 33.016 | 0.000 |
| Sleep anxiety | ||||
| Fears of sleeping in darkness | 35(13.9) | 13(5.8) | 8.459 | 0.004 |
| Has problems for sleeping outside the home | 3(1.2) | 5(2.2) | 0.790 | 0.374 |
| Sleep duration | ||||
| Decreased sleep duration | 22(8.7) | 13(5.8) | 1.458 | 0.227 |
| Sleeps in the moderate amount | 135(53.6) | 178(79.8) | 36.272 | 0.000 |
| Sleeps in the same amount each day | 170(67.5) | 165(74.0) | 2.427 | 0.119 |
| Sleep disordered breathing | ||||
| Snores loudly | 7(2.8) | 8(3.6) | 0.254 | 0.615 |
| Stops breathing during sleep | 0 | 0 | – | – |
| Snorts and gasps during sleep | 5(2.0) | 2(0.9) | 0.963 | 0.326 |
| Parasomnias | ||||
| Wets bed at night | 15(6.0) | 3(1.3) | 6.888 | 0.009 |
| Talks during sleep | 3(1.2) | 2(0.9) | 0.098 | 0.754 |
| Restless during sleep | 29(11.5) | 10(4.5) | 7.744 | 0.005 |
| Sleepwalks at night | 1(0.4) | 0 | 0.887 | 0.346 |
| Grinds teeth during sleep | 13(5.2) | 5(2.2) | 2.760 | 0.097 |
| Awakes with creaming, sweating | 3(1.2) | 5(2.2) | 0.790 | 0.374 |
| Awakes with nightmare | 1(0.4) | 4(1.8) | 2.216 | 0.137 |
| Daytime sleepiness | ||||
| Wakes up by him/herself | 106(42.1) | 95(42.6) | 0.014 | 0.906 |
| Wakes up in negative mood | 9(3.6) | 6(2.7) | 0.300 | 0.584 |
| Wakes up by another person | 44(17.5) | 47(21.1) | 0.999 | 0.318 |
| Difficulty getting out of bed | 16(6.3) | 8(3.6) | 1.881 | 0.170 |
| Takes a long time to be alert in morning | 9(3.6) | 5(2.2) | 0.731 | 0.393 |
| Seems tired | 4(1.6) | 3(1.3) | 0.048 | 0.827 |
| Sleepy/falls asleep while watching TV | 39(15.5) | 17(7.6) | 7.015 | 0.008 |
| Sleepy/falls asleep while riding car | 101(40.1) | 80(35.9) | 0.887 | 0.346 |
| Night wakings | ||||
| Moves to parents'/sibling's bed at night | 7(2.8) | 2(0.9) | 2.252 | 0.133 |
| Awakes once at night | 16(6.3) | 3(1.3) | 7.714 | 0.005 |
| Awakes more than once at night | 10(4.0) | 4(1.8) | 1.956 | 0.162 |
| Sleep onset delay | ||||
| Falls asleep within 20 minutes | 103(40.9) | 161(72.2) | 47.019 | 0.000 |
Two items that are duplicated in the anxiety subscale are not repeated here.
CSHQ, Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire; ASD, autism spectrum disorder; TD, typically developing.