Table 1. Characteristics of the participants and CD-RISC scores (n = 4681).
| Variables | n (%) | CD-RISC score | P for CD-RISC score | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| mean | SD | |||
| Age (years) | 0.673 | |||
| ≤14 | 1166 (24.9) | 55.2 | 13.2 | |
| >14 | 3515 (75.2) | 55 | 12 | |
| Sex | <0.001 | |||
| Female | 2466 (52.7) | 53.9 | 12.3 | |
| Male | 2215 (47.3) | 56.3 | 12.2 | |
| Left-behind child | 0.602 | |||
| Yes | 436 (9.3) | 54.7 | 12.5 | |
| No | 4245 (90.8) | 55.1 | 12.3 | |
| Single-child | 0.16 | |||
| Yes | 377 (8.1) | 55.9 | 13.1 | |
| No | 4304 (92.0) | 55 | 12.2 | |
| Father’s education level | <0.001 | |||
| Primary school or below | 3626 (77.5) | 54.6 | 12 | |
| Junior middle school | 516 (11.0) | 55.3 | 12.5 | |
| Senior middle school | 233 (5.0) | 56 | 13 | |
| College/University or above | 306 (6.5) | 58.7 | 13.6 | |
| Mother’s education level | <0.001 | |||
| Primary school or below | 4094 (87.5) | 54.7 | 12 | |
| Junior middle school | 248 (5.3) | 55.5 | 13.2 | |
| Senior middle school | 133 (2.8) | 55.2 | 14 | |
| College/University or above | 206 (4.4) | 60 | 13.4 | |
| Relationship with family members | <0.001 | |||
| Harmonious* | 3848 (82.2) | 55.7 | 12.2 | |
| Normal | 765 (16.3) | 52.3 | 11.8 | |
| Poor | 68 (1.5) | 50.5 | 14.2 | |
| Family financial status** | <0.001 | |||
| Good | 535 (11.4) | 58.1 | 13.6 | |
| Intermediate | 3280 (70.1) | 54.6 | 12.1 | |
| Low | 866 (18.5) | 54.6 | 12 | |
| Living conditions | <0.001 | |||
| Good | 1000 (21.4) | 57.5 | 13.1 | |
| Intermediate | 3302 (70.5) | 54.3 | 11.9 | |
| Low | 379 (8.1) | 54.5 | 12.8 | |
| Activeness of participation in school activities | <0.001 | |||
| Active | 1187 (25.4) | 59.7 | 11.8 | |
| Moderate | 2476 (52.9) | 54.5 | 11.8 | |
| seldom | 1018 (21.8) | 50.9 | 12.2 | |
| Academic performance | <0.001 | |||
| Excellent | 145 (3.1) | 62.7 | 12.5 | |
| Good | 1843 (39.4) | 57.7 | 12.3 | |
| Medium | 2418 (51.7) | 53.1 | 11.6 | |
| Poor | 275 (5.9) | 50.4 | 12.4 | |
| Academic stress | 0.075 | |||
| High | 2439 (52.1) | 54.6 | 12.2 | |
| Moderate | 2138 (45.7) | 55.5 | 12.2 | |
| Low | 104 (2.2) | 55.1 | 14.4 | |
| Relationship with classmates | <0.001 | |||
| Harmonious* | 2891 (61.8) | 57.1 | 12.1 | |
| Normal | 1741 (37.2) | 51.8 | 11.7 | |
| Poor | 49 (1.1) | 44.5 | 12.9 | |
| Relationship with teachers | <0.001 | |||
| Harmonious* | 1971 (42.1) | 58 | 12.2 | |
| Normal | 2532 (54.1) | 53.2 | 11.7 | |
| Poor | 178 (3.8) | 48.5 | 13.6 | |
| Health over last year | <0.001 | |||
| Well | 1931 (41.3) | 57.2 | 12.4 | |
| Moderate | 2490 (53.2) | 53.5 | 11.8 | |
| Poor | 260 (5.6) | 53.6 | 12.9 | |
| Undertaking regular physical exercise | <0.001 | |||
| Yes | 2442 (52.2) | 56.3 | 12.4 | |
| No | 2239 (47.8) | 53.7 | 12 | |
| Stressful events | 0.988 | |||
| Yes | 2187 (46.7) | 55 | 12.1 | |
| No | 2494 (53.3) | 55 | 12.4 | |
| Receiving psychological counseling | 0.014 | |||
| Group counseling | 1620 (34.6) | 55.4 | 12.6 | |
| Individual counseling | 128 (2.7) | 57.6 | 11.9 | |
| No | 2933 (62.7) | 54.7 | 12.1 | |
*Harmonious was defined as the absence of estrangement or conflict among individuals.
** Because the respondents were teenagers, they do not know the specific family income, so they are only asked to choose according to their own subjective judgment, without giving specific values.