Skip to main content
. 2020 Apr 23;15(4):e0232157. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232157

Table 2. Association (ORh) of food consumption frequency and IBD in estimated US population, NHIS 2015a,b.

Weighted, Unadjusted Weighted, Adjusted for Demographyf Weighted, Adjusted for Lifestyleg Weighted, Adjusted for Demography and Lifestylef,g
Food groupsc Food items (the order is slightly different) OR p-value 95% CI OR p-value 95% CI OR p-value 95% CI OR p-value 95% CI
Whole wheat grains Popcorn 0.980 0.943 (0.9472–1.0043) 0.973 0.072 (0.9467–1.0024) 0.977 0.115 (0.9487–1.0058) 0.976 0.094 (0.9479–1.0042)
  Cereal (hot or cold) 1.002 0.524 (0.9955–1.0080) 1.010 0.789 (0.9939–1.0081) 1.002 0.548 (0.9953–1.0089) 1.001 0.807 (0.9937–1.0082)
  Brown rice 0.993 0.430 (0.9746–1.0110) 1.000 0.973 (0.9835–1.0162) 0.993 0.430 (0.9744–1.0111) 1.000 0.959 (0.9831–1.0163)
  Whole grain bread 0.998 0.647 (0.9914–1.0050) 0.997 0.423 (0.9897–1.0000) 0.998 0.643 (0.9914–1.0054) 0.997 0.412 (0.9896–1.0043)
Fruits and vegetables Fries 1.008 0.103 (0.9985–1.0167) 1.011 0.004* (1.0034–1.0184) 1.007 0.124 (0.9980–1.0166) 1.011 0.005* (1.0033–1.0186)
  Salad (green leafy, lettuce) 0.997 0.610 (0.9869–1.0077) 0.997 0.564 (0.9858–1.0078) 0.998 0.683 (0.9876–1.0082) 0.997 0.603 (0.9861–1.0082)
  Fruit juices (100% pure fruit juice) 0.996 0.345 (0.9873–1.0040) 0.996 0.384 (0.9877–1.0048) 0.996 0.366 (0.9872–1.0048) 0.996 0.411 (0.9877–1.0051)
  Vegetablesd 0.994 0.101 (0.9878–1.0010) 0.993 0.060 (0.9857–1.0003) 0.995 0.126 (0.9884–1.0015) 0.993 0.075 (0.9862–1.0007)
  Potato (non-fried) 1.010 0.054 (0.9998–1.0207) 1.006 0.299 (0.9946–1.0178) 1.011 0.031 (1.0010–1.0212) 1.007 0.203 (0.9961–1.0184)
  Fruits (fresh, frozen, canned) 0.998 0.463 (0.9924–1.0000) 0.998 0.402 (0.9918–1.0033) 0.998 0.495 (0.9924–1.0037) 0.998 0.419 (0.9916–1.0035)
  Pizza (frozen, fast food, homemade) 0.978 0.308 (0.9359–1.0211) 0.995 0.791 (0.9569–1.0341) 0.981 0.364 (0.9422–1.0222) 0.999 0.964 (0.9640–1.0357)
  Tomato sauce 1.007 0.455 (0.9894–1.0240) 1.009 0.278 (0.9925–1.0260) 1.007 0.426 (0.9900–1.0241) 1.010 0.256 (0.9931–1.0264)
  Salsa (made with tomatoes) 0.990 0.178 (0.9752–1.0040) 0.996 0.639 (0.9818–1.0113) 0.991 0.213 (0.9761–1.0054) 0.997 0.647 (0.9820–1.0114)
  Beans 0.995 0.420 (0.9835–1.0069) 0.997 0.628 (0.9840–1.0098) 0.996 0.480 (0.9839–1.0077) 0.997 0.665 (0.9841–1.0103)
Dairy Milk (cow milk, any type) 0.997 0.463 (0.9887–1.0052) 0.996 0.385 (0.9879–1.0047) 0.997 0.454 (0.9883–1.0053) 0.996 0.388 (0.9876–1.0049)
  Cheese (excludes cheese on pizza) 1.006 0.003* (1.0021–1.0104) 1.007 <0.001* (1.0032–1.0113) 1.007 0.001* (1.0027–1.0107) 1.008 <0.001* (1.0038–1.0115)
  Pizza (frozen, fast food, homemade) 0.978 0.308 (0.9359–1.0211) 0.995 0.791 (0.9569–1.0341) 0.981 0.364 (0.9422–1.0222) 0.999 0.964 (0.9640–1.0357)
  Ice cream (frozen desserts) 1.011 0.015* (1.0022–1.0203) 1.010 0.069 (0.9993–1.0201) 1.011 0.016* (1.0021–1.0201) 1.005 0.070 (0.9992–1.0199)
Meat Processed meat 1.001 0.887 (0.9904–1.0112) 1.002 0.680 (0.9921–1.0123) 1.002 0.712 (0.9919–1.0120) 1.003 0.496 (0.9937–1.0130)
  Red meat 0.997 0.566 (0.9878–1.0067) 0.999 0.870 (0.9904–1.0082) 0.998 0.668 (0.9889–1.0072) 1.000 0.987 (0.9916–1.0086)
Sweetened food/drinkse Cereal (hot or cold) 1.002 0.524 (0.9955–1.0080) 1.010 0.789 (0.9939–1.0081) 1.002 0.548 (0.9953–1.0089) 1.001 0.807 (0.9937–1.0082)
  Cookies (i.e cake, pies, brownies) 1.008 0.064 (0.9996–1.0159) 1.005 0.275 (0.9959–1.0146) 1.008 0.076 (0.9922–1.0160) 1.005 0.296 (0.9956–1.0147)
  Donut (i.e. Danish, pastries, muffins) 1.007 0.283 (0.9940–1.0208) 1.007 0.312 (0.9935–1.0205) 1.007 0.307 (0.9935–1.0208) 1.007 0.329 (0.9932–1.0205)
  Candy (i.e chocolates) 1.006 0.077 (0.9990–1.0119) 1.005 0.171 (0.9980–1.0112) 1.006 0.063 (0.9997–1.0119) 1.007 0.155 (0.9982–1.0112)
  Sports and energy drinks 0.995 0.458 (0.9832–1.0077) 1.002 0.608 (0.9930–1.0120) 0.996 0.523 (0.9840–1.0083) 1.003 0.538 (0.9937–1.0123)
  Coffee or tea (sugar or honey added) 1.002 0.249 (0.9984–1.0063) 1.002 0.307 (0.9982–1.0057) 1.002 0.264 (0.9982–1.0064) 1.002 0.332 (0.9981–1.0058)
  Fruit drinks (sweetened with sugar) 0.998 0.705 (0.9872–1.0087) 1.000 0.950 (0.9908–1.0099) 0.998 0.679 (0.9870–1.0086) 1.000 0.944 (0.9908–1.0100)
  Regular soda or pop 1.006 0.003* (1.0097–1.0097) 1.007 <0.001* (1.0030–1.0103) 1.006 0.006* (1.0017–1.0097) 1.007 0.001* (1.0029–1.0105)
  Ice cream (frozen desserts) 1.011 0.015 (1.0022–1.0203) 1.010 0.069 (0.9993–1.0201) 1.011 0.016* (1.0021–1.0201) 1.005 0.070 (0.9992–1.0199)

aWeighted using sample weight [wtfa_sa]. Logistic regression with IBD as outcome; Data source: Sample Adult Cancer file from 2015 NHIS Data release source (https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis/nhis_2015_data_release.htm)

bAdditional details in survey questions can be found in NHIS 2015 Data release website: ftp://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Dataset_Documentation/NHIS/2015/cancerxx_layout.pdf

cFood groups are based on the relationship previously established according the dietary guidelines. Details can be found on https://epi.grants.cancer.gov/nhanes/dietscreen/relationship.html.

dVegetables other than lettuce salads, potatoes, cooked beans in which participant already answered to in previous questions.

eFood items in this group exclude artificially sweetened or sugar-free kinds

fEach food item adjusted for demographic factors: Age, race, poverty status, sex, ethnicity, region

gEach food item adjusted for lifestyle factors: Smoking, alcohol user status, alcohol consumption rate, BMI

hOdds of having IBD with every unit increase in consumption of respective food item. Shown in 3 decimal digits to show its place within 95% CI.

*Statistically significant; Below the significance level of 0.05