Table 1.

Summary of the milestone studies associated with the development of genetic marker systems for common buckwheat

Year	Genetic marker type	Major findings	References
1987	Morphological and allozyme	World’s first linkage map of common buckwheat was constructed, with six allozyme and 15 morphological markers.	Ohnishi and Ohta 1987
1993	Allozyme	Results obtained from allozyme analyses using 160 worldwide populations (32,000 samples) with 19 loci were summarized, revealing high diversity and low population differentiation.	Ohnishi 1993b
1998	RAPD and SCAR	DNA markers for an agronomically important self-compatible gene (Ho) were developed.	Aii et al. 1998
2004	AFLP	Chromosome maps of common buckwheat using genome-wide markers were developed for the first time.	Yasui et al. 2004
2006	SSR	Microsatellite markers (54 loci) for common buckwheat were developed.	Konishi et al. 2006
2011	EST	QTL analysis using 50 EST markers uncovered photoperiod-sensitivity genes.	Hara et al. 2011
2014	NGS-based DNA array	Using DNA microarrays, a high-density linkage map (756 loci and 8,884 markers) was constructed.	Yabe et al. 2014
2016	NGS	Draft genome sequences were decoded, the genome database (BGDB) was established, and several agronomically useful genes were identified from the BGDB.	Yasui et al. 2016
2018	NGS-based DNA array	Genomic selection using 14,598–50,000 markers resulted in a 20.9% increase in the selection index compared to the initial population.	Yabe et al. 2018
2019	GBS	GBS detected 255,517 SNP sites from 46 cultivated common buckwheat plants, pointing to the likelihood of gene flow from wild to cultivated buckwheat.	Mizuno and Yasui 2019