TABLE 1.

Potential metabolic therapeutic targets in RA.

Cells	Defective metabolic Pathway	Potential therapeutic targets
T cell	Glycolysis (−) PPP (+) Lipid (+)	PFKFB3 G6PD FASN Lactate/SLC5A12 AMPK/mTOR
Monocytes/macrophages	Glycolysis (+) TCA (+) AMPK (−)	PKM2 HIF Succinate/GPR91 Lactate/MCT1 and 4
Fibroblasts	Glycolysis (+) Lipid (+)	GLUT1 HK2 PFKFB3 Choline/Chokα
Dendritic cells	Glycolysis (+)	HK2 iNOS AKT/mTOR

AMPK, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase; Chokα, choline kinase alpha; FAS, fatty acid synthase; G6PD, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase; G6PI, glucose 6 phosphate isomerase; HK2, hexokinase 2; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; HIF-1α, hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha; MCT, monocarboxylate transporter; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; PFKFB3, 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2, 6-bisphosphatase; PKM2, pyruvate kinase muscle isozyme 2; PPP, pentose phosphate pathway; SLC5A12, solute carrier 5A12; (−) decreased, (+) enhanced.