Table 3.
Muscle activity for healthy legs of typically developing children (TD) during six gait phases and the deviation of the affected legs of children with cerebral palsy (CP) from TD, presented as mean with 95% confidence interval (CI).
| (A) sEMG-RMS-abs (μV) | (B) sEMG-RMS-norm (%) | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TD | Deviation of CP from TD | TD | Deviation of CP from TD | |||||||||
| Phases | Mean | 95% CI | Mean | 95% CI | Mean | 95% CI | Mean | 95% CI | ||||
| TIBIALIS ANTERIOR | ||||||||||||
| Weight acceptanceβ | 150.8 | 85.0 | 216.5 | −10.3 | −94.6 | 74.0 | 95.6 | 84.6 | 106.6 | −13.1 | −27.3 | 1.0 |
| Midstance | 59.1 | 33.2 | 85.0 | 1.3 | −32.3 | 35.0 | 40.9 | 29.2 | 52.6 | −1.4 | −16.7 | 13.8 |
| Terminal stance | 37.3 | 28.3 | 46.2 | −3.6 | −15.0 | 7.7 | 32.0 | 20.9 | 43.0 | 1.8 | −12.4 | 15.9 |
| Preswing | 27.0 | 17.9 | 36.1 | 5.8 | −6.3 | 17.8 | 20.3 | 12.9 | 27.7 | 9.7 | 0.1 | 19.4α |
| Initial swingβ | 81.8 | 62.3 | 101.2 | –16.9 | –42.1 | 8.3α | 64.8 | 50.3 | 79.3 | −7.3 | −26.1 | 11.5 |
| Midswing/terminal swingβ | 74.2 | 61.7 | 86.7 | −28.1 | −44.4 | −11.9 | 59.5 | 47.7 | 71.2 | −16.0 | −31.4 | −0.5 |
| GASTROCNEMIUS MEDIALIS | ||||||||||||
| Weight acceptance | 51.4 | 4.2 | 98.6 | 18.3 | −43.8 | 80.3 | 42.5 | 28.9 | 56.2 | 21.0 | 3.3 | 38.7 |
| Midstanceβ | 64.7 | 33.6 | 95.9 | −3.2 | −43.7 | 37.2 | 49.6 | 39.0 | 60.1 | 5.6 | −8.2 | 19.3 |
| Terminal stanceβ | 112.4 | 87.2 | 137.6 | −53.9 | −86.5 | −21.2 | 81.5 | 71.0 | 92.1 | −18.2 | −32.2 | −4.1 |
| Preswingβ | 40.8 | 16.5 | 65.1 | −15.9 | −46.6 | 14.9 | 25.1 | 14.5 | 35.8 | 6.0 | –7.6 | 19.6 |
| Initial swing | 39.5 | 24.4 | 54.7 | –22.0 | –41.3 | –2.8 | 33.0 | 21.8 | 44.2 | −10.7 | −25.4 | 4.1 |
| Midswing/terminal swing | 26.3 | 16.2 | 36.5 | −6.3 | −19.4 | 6.8 | 19.5 | 14.1 | 24.9 | 6.9 | −0.3 | 14.1 |
| SOLEUS | ||||||||||||
| Weight acceptance | 107.9 | 16.7 | 199.1 | 42.7 | −70.4 | 155.8 | 43.9 | 32.1 | 55.8 | 26.3 | 10.7 | 41.8 |
| Midstanceβ | 85.3 | 39.1 | 131.5 | −2.9 | −60.4 | 54.6 | 43.7 | 33.7 | 53.7 | 2.8 | −10.4 | 16.1 |
| Terminal stanceβ | 96.1 | 78.9 | 113.4 | −38.6 | −61.1 | −16.1 | 67.1 | 52.3 | 81.9 | −18.1 | −37.3 | 1.1 |
| Pre–swingβ | 36.7 | 22.6 | 50.9 | −11.0 | −28.7 | 6.7 | 25.7 | 14.6 | 36.9 | −4.6 | −18.6 | 9.4 |
| Initial swing | 66.1 | 36.3 | 95.9 | −41.3 | −78.2 | −4.4 | 32.7 | 21.3 | 44.1 | −14.8 | −29.4 | −0.2 |
| Mid–/ terminal swing | 30.9 | 18.2 | 43.6 | −6.6 | −22.9 | 9.7 | 18.8 | 13.4 | 24.2 | −1.7 | −8.8 | 5.4 |
| RECTUS FEMORIS | ||||||||||||
| Weight acceptanceβ | 55.0 | 9.9 | 100.1 | 55.6 | −2.8 | 113.9α | 78.3 | 68.7 | 87.9 | −6.8 | −19.2 | 5.6 |
| Midstanceβ | 42.6 | 2.4 | 82.8 | 55.2 | 4.2 | 106.2α | 61.3 | 49.3 | 73.3 | −5.0 | −20.4 | 10.3 |
| Terminal stanceβ | 24.0 | 11.9 | 36.1 | 0.3 | −15.3 | 15.8 | 39.4 | 30.1 | 48.6 | −14.7 | −26.6 | −2.9 |
| Preswingβ | 40.2 | 13.8 | 66.5 | −20.2 | −54.9 | 14.4 | 45.7 | 34.3 | 57.1 | −23.5 | −38.5 | −8.5 |
| Initial swing | 28.8 | 12.1 | 45.6 | 12.9 | −8.7 | 34.6 | 53.6 | 41.8 | 65.4 | −15.8 | −31.2 | −0.3 |
| Midswing/terminal swing | 23.5 | 14.1 | 32.9 | 3.3 | −8.7 | 15.3 | 42.0 | 32.0 | 52.1 | −13.7 | −26.7 | −0.7 |
| HAMSTRING MEDIALIS | ||||||||||||
| Weight acceptance | 62.3 | 28.6 | 95.9 | 18.4 | −25.6 | 62.5 | 86.7 | 73.1 | 100.3 | −10.2 | −28.2 | 7.8 |
| Midstance | 49.0 | 14.2 | 83.7 | 17.9 | −26.7 | 62.6 | 62.8 | 52.6 | 73.1 | −6.1 | −19.7 | 7.5 |
| Terminal stance | 24.2 | −5.5 | 53.8 | 22.6 | −16.4 | 61.6 | 40.0 | 29.7 | 50.2 | −0.3 | −13.6 | 13.0 |
| Preswing | 15.3 | −4.2 | 34.8 | 15.6 | −10.3 | 41.4 | 30.5 | 19.9 | 41.1 | −0.9 | −14.4 | 12.6 |
| Initial swingβ | 38.8 | 10.8 | 66.9 | −7.9 | −43.5 | 27.7 | 40.3 | 29.4 | 51.2 | −5.8 | −19.9 | 8.2 |
| Midswing/terminal swingβ | 49.9 | 16.6 | 83.2 | 6.8 | −36.7 | 50.3 | 59.9 | 51.1 | 68.6 | −8.0 | −19.6 | 3.6 |
Muscle activity presented as (A) RMS of sEMG amplitude (μV, sEMG-RMS-abs) and (B) RMS of sEMG normalized to peak RMS obtained during the gait cycle (%, sEMG-RMS-norm). Negative values indicate lower values for the CP group compared to TD. Significant group differences (p < 0.05) presented in bold and p < 0.1 presented in italic.
α
Analysis conducted on log-transformed data.
β
Gait phases where the given muscle is defined as agonist. RMS, root mean square; sEMG, surface electromyography.