Table 2.

Microenvironment in the liver.

	Examples	Reported in liver diseases	References
DAMPs	HMGB-1	AILI, I/R injury, NASH	(31–36)
	HSP-70	AILI	(37, 38)
	Bile acids	Cholestatic liver disease	(39–43)
	Histones	I/R injury	(44)
	FFAs	NASH	(45)
	mtDNA	NASH	(45)
PAMPs	Bacteria-derived products, e.g. LPS	ALD, NASH	(46–49)
	Hepatitis virus, e.g. HBV, HCV, HEV	Hepatitis virus infection	(50–52)
Phagocytosis of cellular debris	Apoptotic cells	LPS/D-gal-induced hepatitis, CCL4-induced liver fibrosis, ALD	(53–55)

DAMPs, danger-associated molecular patterns; PAMPs, pathogen-associated molecular patterns; HMGB-1, high mobility group box 1; HSP-70, heat shock protein 70; FFAs, free fatty acids; mtDNA, mitochondrial DNA; LPS, Lipopolysaccharides; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCV, hepatitis C virus; HEV, hepatitis E virus; AILI, Acetaminophen-induced liver injury; I/R, Ischemia/Reperfusion; NASH, Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis; ALD, Alcoholic liver disease.