Table 5.

Study characteristics – Personalised treatment – N of 1.

Study	Sample					Intervention Mode – Personalised Treatment
Author & Year	N (IG/CG)	Age (IG/CG)	Sex – %F IG, CG	Diagnosis	Study design	Primary method	Other Modes	Methods	Setting & location	Frequency	Weeks/ Sessions
Bredesen et al. (2016)	N = 4 Case studies: Patient 2 Patient 6Patient 7Patient 9	P2 – 69P6 – 74P7 – 62P9 – 54	MMMF	AD type 2 (atrophic) AD type 1 (glycotoxic) AD type 1 AD type 3	Programmatic, personalised approach	MEND Protocol – Nutrition, diet, vitamins, supplements, herbs, fasting, antioxidants Responsive to suboptimal metabolic parameters; continued optimization, iterative treatment and metabolic characterization	SleepStressExerciseBrain stimulationHormonesGI healthToxins	Sleep hygiene, stress reduction, aerobics, strength training, brain training, hormone therapy, intranasal VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide), address heavy metal toxicity	Laboratory/clinic assessment; Individual sessions; Lifestyle changes at home:Use of life coaches	Variable, repetitive, ongoing; periodic consultations	P2 – 24 monthsP6 – 9 monthsP7 – 10 monthsP9 – 3 months
Prokopov (2010)	N = 1	78 yrs	100%	MRI, degenerative changes; progressive mental deterioration; MRI hippocampal, cortical atrophy, enlarged volume of ventricles; typical of AZD-type dementia	Rejuvenative Personalised treatment	Repeated sessions of intermittent hypoxic training (IHT). Patients comfortably relax in a recliner, their cells and mitochondria go through multiple oscillations of pO2. Intermittent oxygen restriction (IOR) is a universal stimulus rapidly triggering multiple compensatory strategies that support genome integrity. IHT is the most ‘engineered’ mitochondria-targeting intervention among IOR protocols.	Individualized vitamins, amino acids, microelements and supplementation consisted of two formulas of Dr Rath’s programme: VitacorAnd Epican ForteNutritional adjustmentFasting	Advised to eat a low-glycaemic-index, low carbohydrate, ketogenic diet, enriched with animal proteins & omega-3 fatty acids. Advised on fasting protocol: limit food intake to within 6–7 h window to extend physiological night fasting time to 18 h	Laboratory/clinicassessment; Individual sessions	IHT 3-4x/wkAfter each cycle of 15 IHT sessions, one month pause, then repeated the whole cycle.	4 cycles of IHT; 8 mos ofsupplementation programme