Table 8.

Case studies – Cognitive assessments showing clinically important differences.

Study	Cognitive efficacy measures	Pre-tests	Post-tests	Outcomes
Bredesen et al. (2016) USA	MMSE, MRI, MoCA, FDG PET scan, quantitative neuropsychological testing w Neuroquant & Neuroreader, California Verbal Learning Test, Stroop colour test, immediate and delayed recall, semantic knowledge, executive function, processing speed, MFI (phagocytosis index)	P2: FDG PET: Early AD; CVLT-IIB 3rd %ileP6: MMSE 23 MFI = 230P7: MMSE 22P9: MoCA 19	P2: FDG PET: Early AD; CVLT-IIB 84th %ileP6: MMSE 30MFI > 1000P7: MMSE 29P9: MoCA 21	P2: Marked subjective and quantitative neuropsychological testing improvement, decline halted; business reinvigorated, a new business site was added (follow-up 24 mos) P6: Subjective improvement, MMSE 23->30; MFI >1000 (12 mos) P7: Subjective improvement, MMSE 22->29 (10 mos) P9: Clear subjective improvement, modest objective improvement MoCA 19->21 (3 mos)
Prokopov, (2010) Spain	MRI, detailed biomedical history, lifestyle investigation; suffered mental decline for about 1 yr; declining memory, low energy, low-quality sleep; loss of interests/motivations; could no longer conduct her usual activities and home chores; could not hear without a hearing aid; past medical history of moderate hypertension.	Mrs KG Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) February 2008: hippocampal and cortical atrophy, enlarged ventricular volume	MRI April 2009showed no degenerative changes.	Improvement in mood and vitality was noticeable after the first 5 IHT sessions. Gradually, the mental and cognitive state recovered. Patient reported increased energy and activity, better memory and cognition, a slight weight loss, improved sleep, and better mood. The patient gradually recovered her healthy mental state; resumed shopping and cooking and began playing piano again, which she was not capable of doing the previous year. Only needs the hearing aid for a few hours a day, compared to the whole-day use several months before.