Table 1. Association Between Baseline Vision Status and Change in Abbreviated Mental Test Score.

Baseline vision statusa	Model 1b		Model 2c
	β (95% CI)d	P value	β (95% CI)d	P value
Based on better eyee
Presenting VA level (per 0.1 logMAR unit)	0.00 (−0.02 to 0.02)	.79	−0.07 (−0.09 to −0.05)	<.001
Visual impairment
None	1 [Reference]	NA	1 [Reference]	NA
Any	0.01 (−0.10 to 0.12)	.87	−0.27 (−0.37 to −0.17)	<.001
Vision
Normal	1 [Reference]	NA	1 [Reference]	NA
Low	0.02 (−0.10 to 0.13)	.79	−0.25 (−0.35 to −0.14)	<.001
Blind	−0.15 (−0.61 to 0.31)	.52	−1.07 (−1.50 to −0.64)	<.001
Based on worse eyef
Presenting VA level (per 0.1 logMAR unit)	0.00 (−0.01 to 0.01)	.52	−0.03 (−0.04 to −0.02)	<.001
Visual impairment
None	1 [Reference]	NA	1 [Reference]	NA
Any	0.00 (−0.10 to 0.10)	>.99	−0.16 (−0.26 to −0.07)	.001
Vision
Normal	1 [Reference]	NA	1 [Reference]	NA
Low	0.01 (−0.10 to 0.12)	.84	−0.13 (−0.23 to −0.03)	.008
Blind	−0.07 (−0.27 to 0.12)	.45	−0.41 (−0.59 to −0.23)	<.001

Abbreviations: NA, not applicable; VA, visual acuity.

^aBased on US definition: any visual impairment was defined as presenting VA worse than 20/40, low vision was defined as presenting VA worse than 20/40 but better than 20/200, and blindness was defined as presenting VA of 20/200 or worse.

^bAdjusted for baseline age, sex, and race/ethnicity.

^cAdjusted for baseline age; sex; race/ethnicity; presence of diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and chronic kidney disease; current smoking status; alcohol intake; body mass index; educational status; and Abbreviated Mental Test score.

^dβ Denotes the change in Abbreviated Mental Test score per unit change in exposure variables.

^eIncludes cases of bilateral low vision, bilateral blindness, and blindness in one eye with low vision in fellow eye.

^fIncludes cases of unilateral low vision, bilateral low vision, unilateral blindness, bilateral blindness, and blindness in one eye with low vision in fellow eye.