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. 2020 Apr 10;25(7):1757. doi: 10.3390/molecules25071757

Table 4.

Structures and mechanism of cell death induced by vanadium compounds (EMT: the epithelial–mesenchymal transition).

Structure Mechanism References
graphic file with name molecules-25-01757-i041.jpg Oral squamous cell carcinoma Cal27
Induction of apoptosis: poly(ADPribose)polymerase cleavage
Cytotoxicity (72 h):
IC50 25 μM 		[88]
graphic file with name molecules-25-01757-i042.jpg Gastric cancer cells MGC-803
Induction of apoptosis (upregulation of Bax, PARP and caspase-3/9, downregulation of Bcl-2)
Prevention from the colony formation, migration and EMT process
Cytotoxicity (72 h):
IC50 2.69 μM 		[89]
graphic file with name molecules-25-01757-i043.jpg Breast cancer cells MCF-7
Increase in the expression of p53
Decrease in the expression of Akt, mTOR and VEGF
Induction of apoptosis (activation of 3 and 9 caspase, DNA fragmentation)
In vivo study (Balb/c mice)
Increase in apoptotic index
Upregulation of Bcl-2 and downregulation of Bax and p53		 [90]
graphic file with name molecules-25-01757-i044.jpg T-leukemic cells (p53 wild-type MOLT-4 and p53-deficient Jurkat)
Induction of apoptosis (activation of the caspases 9-intrinsic pathway and 8-extrinsic pathway)
Increase in the expression of the tumor-suppressor protein p53 and its form phosphorylated at the serine 15
Cytotoxicity:
24 h: MOLT-4 IC50 3.1 ± 0.4 μM
Jurkat IC50 2.9 ± 0.2 μM
48 h: MOLT-4 IC50 2.1 ± 0.2 μM
Jurkat IC50 2.8 ± 0.3 μM
72 h: MOLT-4 IC50 2.3 ± 0.2 μM
Jurkat IC50 1.7 ± 0.1 ± μM 		[91]
graphic file with name molecules-25-01757-i045.jpg Liver cancer cells HepG2
Induction of apoptosis (using the p53/p21 pathway-dependent way)
Decrease in the expression of caspase-8 and Bid		 [92]
graphic file with name molecules-25-01757-i046.jpg Osteosarcoma cells MG-63
Determination of the relative abundance of 224 proteins
Increase in the expression of caspase 3, caspase 6, caspase 7, caspase 10, caspase 11, Bcl-x, DAPK
Decrease in the expression of PKB/Akt, DIABLO		 [93]
graphic file with name molecules-25-01757-i047.jpg Cervical cancer cells HeLa
Breast cancer cells MCF-7
Induction of apoptosis
Specific localization to endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Cytotoxicity (48 h):
cervical cancer cells HeLa
(86: IC50 44.1 ± 1.8 µM in visible light
IC50 59.3 ± 1.7 µM in the dark)
(87: IC50 0.24 ± 0.02 µM in visible light
IC50 > 40 µM in the dark)
breast cancer cells MCF-7
(86: IC50 53.3 ± 1.9 µM in visible light
IC50 72.5 ± 2.1 µM in the dark)
(87: IC50 0.53 ± 0.03 µM in visible light
IC50 > 40 µM in the dark)		 [94]
graphic file with name molecules-25-01757-i048.jpg Colon cancer cells HT-29
Induction of necroptosis		 [100]
graphic file with name molecules-25-01757-i049.jpg Breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231
G2/M cell cycle arrest
Induction of autophagy
Induction of apoptosis
Increase in the expression of Notch 1		 [101]
91 MSAGM:VO
MSAGM = Galactomannan from Schizolobium amazonicum 		Liver cancer cells HepG2
Induction of apoptosis under normoxic conditions (lost under hypoxic conditions)
The expressions of anti-apoptotic Mcl-1 and Bcl-XL increased in hypoxia, whereas the expression of pro-apoptotic Bax decreased
Induction of autophagy (elimination of the anti-cancer activity with activation of autophagy under conditions of hypoxia)		 [102]

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