Table 9.
Most representative biological activities of triterpenes isolated from Mexican columnar Cactaceae.
| Compound | Activity | Description | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lupeol | AD, AO, AN, AI, CT, RN, HP | AD = moderate inhibition of α-Glucosidase and α-Amylase and selective allosteric inhibition of PTP1B. AO = decreases ROS and LPO generation. AN = growth inhibitory activity against several bacteria as M. smegmatis, M. aurum, and E. faecalis, the parasites P. falciparum and L. donovani, and the virus HSV-1 and the reverse transcriptase of HIV-1. AI = inhibition of IL-1β and NF-κB produced an inhibitory effect on the carrageenan-induced edema assay. CT = inhibits cell growth by several mechanisms: inhibition of the phosphorylation of ECFR, Topoisomerase and WNT/β-catenin regulation, induction of cell cycle arrest and mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. IN = moderate larvicidal activity against A. aegypti. RN = strong protective effect of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity by upregulating the phosphorylation of MAPKs. HP = alleviate liver injury by GalN/LPS through suppression of the IRAK-mediated TLR4 signal pathway. |
[13,87,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140,141,142,143,144] |
| Oleanolic acid | AD, AN, AI, CR, CT, IM, HP | AD = strong regulation of PPARγ and miR-98-5p/PGC-1b axis causing a hypolipidemic effect. AN = growth inhibitory activity against several bacteria as S. aureus, M. smegmatis, E. faecalis, L. monocytogenes, B. cereus, and P. berghei and the parasite Leishmania spp. and inhibitory activity against the reverse transcriptase of HIV-1. AI = inhibition of Lipoxygenase and phospholipase A2 activity. CR = modulation of the BDNF-ERK1/2-CREB pathway through TrkB activation. CT = inhibition of cervical (HeLa), ovary (SK-OV-3), breast (MCF-7), colon (DLD-1) cancer cell lines proliferation. IM = reduce the synthesis of pro-inflammatory mediators, auto-antibody production, suppression of endogenous leptin production, and inhibits migration of leukocytes in the CNS. OT = increase bone mineral density. Its effect is associated with effects on Ca and vitamin D metabolism. HP = showed moderate activity towards in vitro immunological liver injury and low hepatotoxicity. |
[13,136,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155] |
| Betulin | AD, AN, CR, AI, CT | AD = selective allosteric inhibition of PTP1B, noncompetitive inhibitor of α-amylase and inhibition of α-glucosidase. AN = growth inhibitory activity against several bacteria as M. smegmatis and M. aurum, the parasite P. falciparum, and the virus HSV-1 and the reverse transcriptase of HIV-1. CR = protective effect on cognition inhibiting the NF-κB pathway, by regulation of the GABAA receptor, and by moderate cholinesterase inhibition. It also reduced 6-hydroxydopamine-induced dopaminergic neuron degeneration. AI = decreases NO production, iNOS expression in vitro, and NF-κB activity. It also decreases the levels of MPO, IL-1β, and TNF-α in liver tissue. CT = strong inhibitory effect on the proliferation of several cell lines triggering apoptosis by mitochondrial pathway and NOXA induction. |
[87,127,133,137,138,139,143,156,157,158,159,160,161,162,163,164,165,166] |
| Betulinic acid | AD, AN, IN, AI, CT, RN, HP | AD = selective allosteric inhibition of PTP1B, noncompetitive inhibitor of α-amylase and inhibition of α-glucosidase. It also stimulates insulin secretion by the mediation of potassium and chloride channels. AN = growth inhibitory activity against several bacteria as M. smegmatis, M. aurum, S. aureus, B subtilis, E. faecalis, and B. cereus, the parasites P. falciparum and T. cruzi, and the virus HSV-1 and the reverse transcriptase inhibitor of HIV-1. IN = inhibitor of tyrosinase and could be used as an insecticidal agent. CR = neuroprotective effect on cognition by moderate cholinesterase inhibition. It also improves cAMP, cGMP and BDNF levels. AI = decreases NO production and iNOS and IL-6 expression in vitro. CT = inhibition of cervical (HeLa), ovary (SK-OV-3), breast (MCF-7), colon (DLD-1) cancer cell lines proliferation. It has also shown to induce apoptosis by DNA damage, G2/M cell cycle arrest, and Bcl-2/Bax signaling regulation. RN = strong protective effect of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity by upregulating the phosphorylation of MAPKs. HP = inhibition of liver oxidative stress in the iron/ascorbate system and showed hepatoprotective effects against D-GalN/TNF-α induced cell dead. |
[13,19,87,127,133,135,136,137,138,143,147,160,161,163,167,168,169,170,171] |
| Maniladiol | AN, AI | AN = growth inhibitory activity against M. tuberculosis and the reverse transcriptase inhibition of HIV-1. AI = decreases the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6 and inhibits NO production. |
[164,172,173] |
| Erythrodiol | AN, CT, HT, IM, HP | AN = growth inhibitory activity against several bacteria as B. subtilis, E. coli, and C. albicans and the reverse transcriptase inhibitor of HIV-1. Inhibitor of tyrosinase and could be used as an insecticidal agent AI = edema inhibition in the TPA-induced inflammation assay. CT = potent anti-proliferative effect inducing apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and ROS generation. HT = reduce cardiac remodeling by inhibiting angiotensin II-induced proliferation via PPAR-γ. IM = reduce the synthesis of pro-inflammatory mediators, auto-antibody production, suppression of endogenous leptin production, and inhibits migration of leukocytes in the CNS. HP = high protection of human hepatoma cells against CCl4-induced injury with ALT level decreased. |
[13,153,164,167,174,175,176,177,178,179] |
| Longispinogenin | AN, AI, CT | AN = growth inhibitory activity against M. tuberculosis. AI = edema inhibition in the TPA-induced inflammation assay. CT = inhibition of cervical (HeLa) cancer cell line proliferation. |
[173,180,181] |
| Pachanol D | AC | AC = strong inhibitory effect on the acetic acid-induced writhing test. | [95] |
| Cochalic acid | CT | CT = potent inhibition of cervical (HeLa) cancer cell line proliferation. | [180] |
| Chichipegenin | AI, CT | AI = edema inhibition in the TPA-induced inflammation assay. CT = inhibition of breast and colon carcinoma MCF-7 and HCT-15 cell lines proliferation. |
[26] |
| Stellatogenin | AC | AC = strong inhibitory effect on the acetic acid-induced writhing test. | [95] |
| β-amyrin | AD, AN, AI, CR, CT, HP | AD = moderate inhibition of α-Glucosidase and α-Amylase. AN = growth inhibitory activity against several bacteria as B. subtilis, S. aureus, and C. albicans, the parasite T. cruzi, and antiviral inhibitory activity against the reverse transcriptase of HIV-1 and IAV. AI = decreases the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6 and inhibits NO production CR = interaction with the GABAA receptor and produce sedative and hypnotic, increasing noradrenergic activity. It also showed neuroprotective activity reducing α-synuclein aggregation upregulating LGG-1 expression. CT = inhibition of proliferation in the cervical (HeLa), ovary (SK-OV-3), breast (MCF-7), colon (DLD-1), and other cancer cell lines. HP = hepatoprotective effect against acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity. |
[143,147,164,171,172,182,183,184,185,186] |
| Oleanolic aldehyde | AD, AN | AD = dose-dependent enhancement of insulin secretion by INS-1 cells. AN = growth inhibitory activity against S. mutans and P. gingivalis. |
[187,188] |
| Gummosogenin | AC, CT | AC = strong inhibitory effect on the acetic acid-induced writhing test. CT = inhibition of cervical (HeLa) cancer cell line proliferation. |
[95,180] |
| Lupeone | AN, AD, AI, RN | AN = reverse transcriptase inhibitor of HIV-1. AD = moderate inhibition of α-Glucosidase and selective allosteric inhibition of PTP1B. AI = decreases the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-12 and IL-6. RN = strong protective effect of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. |
[128,133,135,164,183,189] |
| Turberogenin | AC, CT | AC = strong inhibitory effect on the acetic acid-induced writhing test. CT = low inhibition of cervical (HeLa) cancer cell line proliferation. |
[95,180] |
| Morolic acid | AD, AI | AD = induced a significant reduction of blood glucose levels by inhibition of 11β-HSD1. AI = inhibition of the leukocyte dermal infiltration and inhibition of key inflammatory enzymes as PLA2 and 5-LOX. |
[190,191] |
| Queretaroic acid | CT | CT = inhibition of cervical (HeLa) cancer cell line proliferation. | [180] |
| Calenduladiol | CR, CT | CR = inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase in vitro. CT = inhibition of leukemia (NB4 and K562) cancer cell lines proliferation. |
[192,193] |
| Cycloartenol | AD, AN, and CT | AD = Decrease glucose intestinal absorption that could be associated with SGLT1 regulation as well as α-glucosidase inhibition. Downregulation of fatty acid synthesis and interferes with the absorption of cholesterol. AN = Inhibitory effect against bacteria E. coli and P. aeruginosa and low inhibition of the parasite P. falciparum. CT = Weak cytotoxic activity against HL60 cell line and p38MAPK-mediated apoptosis in the U87 cell line. |
[91,194,195,196,197,198,199,200] |
| Betulinic aldehyde | AN, CT | AN = growth inhibitory activity against bacteria P. smartii, E. faecalis, S. aureus, and E. coli and antiviral activity against Influenza virus (KBNP-0028) and the reverse transcriptase of HIV-1. CT = inhibition of cervical (HeLa), ovary (SK-OV-3), breast (MCF-7), colon (HCT-116) and melanoma (SK-MEL-5) cancer cell lines proliferation. |
[88,135,164,201] |
AD = Antidiabetic, AM = Antimutagenic, AO = Antioxidant, AN = Anti-infective, CR = CNS Regulation, AI = Anti-inflammatory, CT = Citotoxic, MM = Modulation of Cholesterol metabolism, HT = Hypertension, IN = insecticidal, IM = Immune modulation, RN = renoprotective, AC = Anti nociceptive, HP = Hepatoprotective.