Table 2.

Summary of the pharmacological properties of alkaloids isolated from Stephania tetrandra

Pharmacological activities		Compounds	References
Antimicrobial effects	Antiparasitic effects	5,9, 10, 21, 25, 28, 29, 52	Ye and Dyke (1989), Ye et al. (1989, 2013), Chen et al. (2002, 2003), Chea et al. (2010), Baghdikian et al. (2013), Fadaeinasab et al. (2015), Naman et al. (2015)
	Antibacterial effects	9, 52	Lee et al. (2011, 2012), Avci et al. (2018), Yin et al. (2015)
	Antifungal effects	9, 49, 52	Li and Zhang (2006), Lv et al. (2014), Shi et al. (2016a), Zhang et al. (2010), Kim et al. (2018), Ma et al. (2015)
	Antiviral effects	3, 10, 21	Wan et al. (2012), Kashiwada et al. (2005), Otshudi et al. (2005)
Anti-inflammatory effects		1, 5, 9, 10, 21, 25, 39, 49	Guo et al. (2015, 2018), Wang et al. (2016a, b, c), Shen et al. (2001), Choi et al. (2000), Kang et al. (2014), Wu and Ng (2007), Xu et al. (2016a, b), Wu et al. (2015), Nakamura et al. (1992), Yang et al. (2018a, b), Kondo et al. (1993), Aota et al. (2018), Yodkeeree et al. (2018), Haque et al. (2018)
Anticancer/antiproliferative effects		1, 9, 10, 21, 25, 39, 50, 52	Bhagya and Chandrashekar (2018), Zhang et al. (2018d), Yu and Ho (2013), Tian et al. (2017), Lu et al. (2017), Lien et al. (2017), Huang et al. (2013), Meng et al. (2004), Zhu et al. (2014), Zhang et al. (2017a, b), Lan et al. (2018), Bai et al. (2018), Qin et al. (2013), Wang et al. (2012), Guo and pei (2019), Singh et al. (2018), Liu et al. (2017a, b, c), Lin et al. (2016), Zhang et al. (2018a, b, c, d), Jiang et al. (2018), Chow et al. (2018), Cho et al. (2009), Chen et al. (2014, 2017a, b), Wang et al. (2014a, b, 2017a, b, c), Li et al. (2015a, b, c, d), Fan et al. (2017), Luo et al. (2016), Chen et al. (2017a, b), Lee et al. (2017), Wang et al. (2011), Li et al. (2017a, b), Guo et al. (2016), Shi et al. (2017), Wang et al. (2013), Hua et al. (2015), Gao et al. (2017), Payon et al. (2019), Rattanawong et al. (2018), Zhu et al. (2017), Wu et al. (2001), Tzeng et al. (1990), Uche et al. (2016), Konkimalla and Efferth (2010), Huang et al. (1998), Makarasen et al. (2011), Ma et al. (2017)
Central nervous system activity	Neuroprotective effects	1, 9, 10, 39, 51, 52, 55, 58, 65	Lv et al. (2016), Ruan et al. (2013), Chiou et al. (2006), Bao et al. (2016), Li et al. (2015a, b, c, d), Han et al. (2015), Zhang et al. (2001), He et al. (2011), Koh et al. (2003), Lin et al. (2009), Kim et al. (2001), Hošt'álková et al. (2015), Kongkiatpaiboon et al. (2016), Dong et al. (2015), Ingkaninan et al. (2006), Hao et al. (2015, 131–147)
	Sleep enhancing and hypnotic effects	9	Huang et al. (2016), Zhang et al. (2014), Zhao et al. (2004)
	Antinociceptive effects	9, 10, 39	Zhao et al. (2014), Zhang and Fang (2001), Fang et al. (2005), Montrucchio et al. (2013)
	Other central effects	9, 44, 49, 58	Chen et al. (2015), Ma et al. (2016), Chen et al. (2013), Ma et al. (2016), Indra et al. (2002), Kukula-Koch et al. (2017), Manuszak et al. (2018), Meade et al. (2015), Hicks et al. (2018)
Cardiovascular activity	Antihypertensive effects	9, 39	Yu et al. (2004), Huang et al. (2016), Zhang et al. (2014), Wang et al. (2016a, b, c), Huang et al. (2011), Teng et al. (1991), Yu et al. (1992a, b)
	Cardiovascular effects	9, 39, 44, 66	Yu et al. (2001), Wong et al. (2000), Rao (2002), Huang et al. (1999), Li et al. (2001, 2003), Zhou et al. (2007), Pinelli et al. (2010), Shen et al. (1999), Young et al. (1994), Orallo (2004), Yu et al. (1993), Ribeiro and Leite (2003), Estellés et al. (2003)
Immunomodulatory effects		9, 10, 27	Semwal et al. (2010), Lai (2002), Sekiya et al. (2004), Seow et al. (1988), Lai et al. (1999), Yun et al. (2018), Yuan et al. (2016), Lv et al. (2015), Shan et al. (2018), Hu et al. (2012), Zhang et al. (2018a, b, c, d), Zhang (2014), Sun et al. (2016)
Antifibrotic effects	Antifibrotic effects in pulmonary disease	9	Idec-Sadkowska et al. (2006), Liu et al. (1994), Xv and Zhou (2015), Chen et al. (2018)
	Antifibrotic effects in liver disease	9	Li et al. (2016), Hsu et al. (2007), Park et al. (2000)
	Other antifibrosis effects	9	Teng et al. (2015), Ning et al. (2016), Li et al. (2012), Bai and Dong (2016)
Antidiabetic effects		9, 10, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 25	Tsutsumi et al. (2003), Shan et al. (2013), Hsu et al. (2004), Chen et al. (2004), Ma et al. (2007), Tsutsumi et al. (2003), Jiang et al. (2018), Samra et al. (2016)
Antiplatelet effects		1, 3, 9, 10, 39	Kim et al. (1999), Chen et al. (1996), Yu et al. (1992a, b)
Miscellaneous uses		3, 5, 9, 25, 27, 39, 44, 49	Wu et al. (2011), Yu et al. (2018), Jang (2016), Takahashi et al. (2012), Chen et al. (2009a, b, c), Zhang et al. (2009a, b), Chen et al. (1997), Martin et al. (1993), Lin et al. (2019), Zhou et al. (2018), Wang et al. (2016a, b, c), Yu et al. (1994), Legendre et al. (2010), Cai et al. (2018), Hung et al. (2007a, b), Hung et al. (2007a, b)