Table 2.
Examples of homopolysaccharide-based organic hybrid hydrogels, their obtaining methods and medical applications.
| Homopolysaccharide | Synthetic Component | Obtaining Method | Application | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cellulose | PVA and poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide-co22-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid) | Graft copolymerization | In vitro gastrointestinal release of amoxicillin | [122] |
| PVA | Freezing/thawing (FT) cycles | 2D-layered skin model | [123] | |
| poly 2-(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate (PDMAEMA) | In situ radical polymerization | pH/temperature-responsive hydrogel | [124] | |
| Cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) | polyacrylamide (PAAm) | In situ polymerization (hydrophilic cross-linker PEGDA575) | Scaffolds for tissue engineering | [125] |
| Cellulose nanofibers | PAAm | Alkali treatment | Bio-medical load-bearing gel materials | [126] |
| CNC | PAAm and chitosan | Schiff base linkages and covalent crosslinking | Controlled drug release and dye adsorption | [127] |
| Bacterial cellulose (BC) | PAAm | Microwave irradiation | Oral drug delivery vehicles | [128] |
| poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) | Grafting by electron beam irradiation | Oral protein delivery | [129] | |
| poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide) | Microwave-assisted graft copolymerization | Controlled drug release | [130] | |
| poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) | In situ UV radical polymerization | Cartilage, stent, and certain wound-dressing materials | [131] | |
| PGA | 60Co γ-irradiation crosslinking | Antibacterial contact materials | [132] | |
| poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) | Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) | Thermoresponsive hydrogels | [133] | |
| Hemicellulose grafting maleic anhydride (MA) | N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm) | UV photocrosslinking | Smart biomaterials | [134] |
| Hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) | poly (l-glutamic acid-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) | Emulsion polymerization | Oral insulin controlled release | [135] |
| Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) | PAA | Physical blending | pH-responsive material | [136] |
| Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) | PNIPAAm | Copolymerization | Protein delivery | [137] |
| carboxymethyl polyvinyl alcohol (CMPVA) | Grafting copolymerization (adipic dihydrazide as crosslinker) | Drug delivery and as scaffold in tissue engineering | [138] | |
| poly(dimethylamino ethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) |
Chemical grafting | Protein-drug delivery | [139] | |
| PEG (norbornene immobilized tetra-arm PEG) | Chemical cross-linking (dithiothreitol as co-crosslinker) | pH-sensitive protein drug carrier | [140] | |
| CMC acrylate | PEO-hexa-thiols | Michael type addition reaction | Scaffolds for tissue engineering | [141] |
| Methacrylate carboxymethyl cellulose (MACMC) | NIPAAm | Polymerization of NIPAAm in presence of CMC and redox crosslinking | Protein delivery | [137] |
| Starch | AAc | Potassium persulfate (KPS)-initiated graft copolymerization; in the presence of N,N′-methylene bisacrylamide (MBA) as cross-linker | Colon-targeted oral drug delivery | [142] |
| NIPAAm | Polymerization of NIPAAm using ammonium persulfate (APS) and N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED) as a pair of redox initiators and MBA as the cross-linker | temperature-sensitive hydrogel | [143] | |
| AAm and vinyl pyrrolidone (VP) | CAN-initiated free radical solution polymerization in the presence of MBA | Drug release | [144] | |
| polyvinylamine | In situ crosslinking using starch decorated with cholesterol group and aldehyde groups | Drug release | [145] | |
| AAc | 60Co-gamma-radiation-induced graft polymerization | Drug delivery | [146] | |
| PVA | Gamma and electron beam radiation | Not tested yet | [147] | |
| Maize starch modified with allyl chloride | methacrylic acid and acrylamide | Copolymerization using KPS as initiator | Not tested yet | [148] |
| Carboxymethyl starch (CMS) | poly methacrylic acid (MAA) | Free radical graft copolymerization using bisacrylamide as a crosslinking agent and persulfate as an initiator | Drug release | [149] |
| Pullulan | Poly(l-lactide) (PLLA) | Graft copolymerization | Triggered drug release | [150] |
| PVA/ Poly-l-Lysine/Gelatin |
FT method | Wound healing | [151] | |
| Oxidized pullulan (C6-OOH groups) | PVA | FT method | Wound dressing | [152] |
| Methacrylated pullulan (PULMA) | NIPAAm | Polymerization of NIPAAm using KPS as initiator and N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine as an accelerator | Proposed as temperature-responsive drug delivery system | [153] |
| Carboxymethyl pullulan (CMP) | PNIPAAm | Chemical cross-linking of NIPAAm in the presence of CMP followed by additional reticulation of CMP | Drug delivery | [154] |
| Cholesteryl-modified pullulan (CHP) | PNIPAAm | Graft free-radical copolymerization | Not tested yet | [155] |
| CHP | copolymer of NIPAAm and N-[4-(1-pyrenyl)butyl]-N-n-octadecylacrylamide] (PNIPAAm -C18Py) | Self-assembly | Not tested | [156] |
| Acrylate group-modified cholesterol-bearing pullulan (CHPANG) | Thiol group-modified poly (ethylene glycol) | Michael addition | Protein delivery | [157] |
| Acryloyl group modified-cholesterol-bearing pullulan (CHPOA) | Poly(methacrylic acid-g-ethylene glycol) (P(MAA-g-EG)) | Surface-initiated and bulk photopolymerization | Drug delivery | [158] |
| pentaerythritol tetra (mercaptoethyl) polyoxyethylene | Michael addition followed by freezing-induced phase separation | Advanced scaffold | [159] | |
| CG | poloxamer 407 copolymer (ethylene oxide and propylene oxide blocks) | Blending | Vaginal gel | [160] |
| ι-CG | PVA | FT technique | Cell adhesion | [161] |
| PEO | Blending with retinoic acid gel and Emulgen® 408 | Skin topical treatment | [162] | |
| κ-CG | PAAm and sodium alginate (SA) | Graft-copolymerization | Intestinal targeted drug delivery | [163] |
| PCL | Gel infusion within interpenetrating network (IPN) scaffolds of PCL incorporated with sucrose | Regenerative tissue engineering | [164] | |
| Poly(diethylacrylamide) (PDEA) | Crosslinking with methylene bisacrylamide | Not tested yet | [165] | |
| PNIPAAm | Electron beam radiation technique | Not evaluated yet | [166] | |
| PAAm | Dual physical-crosslinking strategy (hydrophobic associations and potassium ion (K+) cross-linking) | Cell culture | [167] | |
| PAA and super paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) | Graft-copolymerization | Drug delivery | [168] | |
| poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) | Gamma irradiation | Wound healing | [169] | |
| PVP and PEG | 60Co gamma irradiation | Wound healing | [169] | |
| poly(oxyalkylene amine) | 3D-printing approach based on ionic-covalent entanglement | Not tested | [103] | |
| GG | PAAm | Cross-linking by Ca ions | Not evaluated | [170] |
| PEG | Ionic cross-linking with CaCl2 | Regenerative tissue engineering | [171] | |
| Polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) | UV photo-crosslinking | Stem cells culture | [172] | |
| Poloxamer-Hep copolymer | Ionic cross-linking with CaCl2 | bone marrow stem cells delivery | [173] | |
| PVA | Emulsion cross-linking method | Drug delivery | [174] | |
| Gellan unsaturated esters | NIPAAm | Functionalization of GG with acrylic acid, acryloyl chloride or maleic anhydride and further co-polymerization | Not tested | [175] |
| Gellan maleate | NIPAAm | Free radical grafting/polymerization | Ocular inserts | [176] |
| Methacrylated gellan gum (MGG) | cationic polyurethane nanoparticles (CPUNs) | UV free radical polymerization | Tissue engineering | [177] |