Table 1.
Overview of patient characteristics and frequency of incident lacunes in selected studies.
| Reference number | First author year | Study name or center | Country | Population | Terms used for lacunes | N | BL age, mean ± SD | BL prev (%) | FU, y | Freq (%) | Freq/y (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population-based studies | |||||||||||
| 55 | Nylander et al. 2018 | PIVUS | Sweden | Age at 75 y, randomly selected | Lacunar infarcts | 406 | 75 | 21.9 | 5 | 10.3 | 2.1 |
| 17 | Sigurdsson et al. 2017 | AGES | Iceland | Age 66–97 y from Reykjavik | Infarcts | 2612 | 74.6 ± 4.8 | 30.7 | 5.2 | 20.9 | 4.0 |
| 31 | Knopman et al. 2011 | ARIC | USA | Age >55 y, stroke-free | Infarcts | 1112 | 61.7 ± 4.3 | 7.7 | 10.6 | 20.1 | 1.9 |
| 33 | Virtanen et al. 2013 | CHS | USA | Age over 65 y, stroke-free, randomly selected | Subclinical infarcts | 2293 | 75.1 | 23.3 | 5 | 16.1a | 3.2a |
| 34 | Satizabalet al. 2012 | 3C | France | Age over 65 y, randomly selected | Silent brain infarcts | 1841 | 72.5 ± 4.1 | 8.9 | 4 | 4.4 | 1.1 |
| 36 | Chen et al. 2009 | PTLS | Australia | Age 60–64 y, community residents | Lacunar infarcts | 477 | 62.6 ± 1.5 | 7.8 | 4.1 | 1.6 | 0.4 |
| 37 | van Dijk et al. 2008 | RSS | Netherlands | Age 60–90 y, no dementia | Lacunar infarcts | 668 | 71 ± 7 | 20 | 3.4 | 12 | 3.5 |
| 40 | Schmidt et al. 2006 | ASPS | Austria | Age 50–75 y, no neuropsychiatric disease, randomly selected | Lacunes | 505 | 63.9 ± 9.8 | 6.9 | 6 | 3.0 | 0.5 |
| Studies on patients with cerebrovascular disease | |||||||||||
| 59 | van Leijsen et al. 2018 | RUN DMC | Netherlands | Age 50–85 y, nondemented with CSVD | Lacunes | 258 | 62.4 ± 7.7 | 20.5 | 9 | 24.0 | 2.7 |
| 60 | Staszewsk et al. 2018 | SHEF-CSVD | Poland | Age >60 y, with CSVD | Lacunar infarcts | 123 | 72.2 ± 8 | 48.8 | 2 | 20.3 | 10.2 |
| 42 | Benjamin et al. 2016 | SCANS | UK | Patients with lacunar infarcts and confluent WMH on MRI | Lacunes | 121 | 70 ± 9.8 | 100 | 3 | 28.6 | 9.5 |
| 50 | Cavalieri et al. 2012 | VITATOPS | China | Patients with stroke or TIAs | Lacunes | 359 | 64.3 ± 12.8 | 36.5 | 2.1 | 7.0 | 3.4 |
| 35 | Gouw et al. 2008 | LADIS | Multiple centers in Europe | Age 65–84 y, no severe disability, with WMH on MRI | Lacunes | 396 | 73.6 ± 5.0 | 47.7 | 3.1 | 18.7 | 6.0 |
| 54 | Walters et al. 2003 | St Mary’s Hospital | UK | Patients with transient ischemic attacks, no cognitive impairment | Silent ischemic lesions | 60 | 71.7 | NS | 1 | 36.6 | 36.6 |
| Studies on patients with vascular risk factors | |||||||||||
| 41 | van Dalen et al. 2017 | preDIVA trial | Netherlands | Age 70–78 y, with hypertension | Lacunar infarcts | 126 | 77.2 ± 2.5 | 7.1 | 2.8 | 6.3 | 2.3 |
| 57 | Kloppenborg et al. 2017 | SMART-MR study | Netherlands | Patients with artery disease | Lacunar infarcts | 679 | 57.5 ± 9.6 | 16.5 | 3.9 | 10.3 | 2.6 |
| 58 | Uiterwijk et al. 2017 | HYBRiD | Netherlands | Uncomplicated hypertensive patients | Lacunes | 90 | 56.2 ± 11.9 | 23.3 | 4 | 5.6 | 1.4 |
| 51 | Saito et al. 2014 | Asahikawa Hospital | Japan | Age over 45 y, with non-valvular atrial fibrillation, stroke-free | Asymptomatic cerebral infarctions | 131 | 69.4 ± 9.2 | 28.6 | 2.7 | 10.4 | 3.9 |
| 52 | Umemura et al. 2011 | Chubu Rosai Hospital | Japan | Age over 45 y, with type 2 diabetes mellitus, stroke-free | Silent brain infarcts | 190 | 62.7 ± 8.1 | 24.2 | 6 | 24.3 | 4.1 |
aResults in patients without lacunes at baseline.
BL: baseline; Prev: prevalence; FU: follow-up; Freq: frequency; PIVUS: prospective investigation of the vasculature in uppsala seniors study; AGES: age gene/environment susceptibility-Reykjavik study; ARIC: atherosclerosis risk in communities study; CHS: cardio vascular health study; 3C: three-city-Dijon study; PTLS: PATH through life study; RSS: Rotterdam scan study; ASPS: Austrian stroke prevention study; RUN DMC: Radboud University Nijmegen diffusion tensor and magnetic resonance imaging cohort; SHEF-CSVD: significance of haemodynamic and haemostatic factors in the course of different manifestations of cerebral small vessel disease study; SCANS: St George’s Cognition and Neuroimaging in Stroke study; VITATOPS: VITAmins to prevent stroke MRI-substudy; LADIS : leukoaraiosis and disability study; preDIVA : prevention of dementia by intensive vascular care study; SMART-MR: second manifestations of arterial disease-magnetic resonance study; HYBRiD: hypertension and brain damage study; CSVD: cerebral small vessel diseases; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging; WMH: white matter hyperintensity; NS: not specified.