Figure 1.

DMF alters cytokine gene expression profiles, as well as the pro-proliferative antioxidant response induced by TNF-α in VSMCs. Cells were treated for 24 h with 20, 50, 75 or 100 μM DMF and mRNA quantitated by RT-PCR. (a) MCP1, (b) MMP2, (c) VCAM, (d) Nrf2, (e) a-SMA and (f) SM-MHC. The data were assessed from three independent experiments. Asterisks (*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001), indicate significant differences compared to cells stimulated solely by TNF-α (ANOVA followed by the Bonferroni test).