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DMF modulates the inflammatory release of cytokines and chemokines induced by TNF-α in culture supernatants from VSMCs. Cells were treated for 24 h with 20, 50, 75 or 100 μM DMF and protein release was measured by the BioPlex assay. (a) CCL5, (b) CXCL1 and (c) CCL2. The data were assessed from three independent experiments. ***p < 0.001 indicates significant differences compared to cells stimulated solely by TNF-α (ANOVA followed by the Bonferroni test).
