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(A) Equilibrium PFAS removal by ionic fluorogels with amine (IF-X) or ammonium (IF-X+) groups where X = 0, 20, 30, or 40 wt %. (B) Equilibrium PFAS removal by GAC, powdered activated carbon (PAC), ion exchange resin (IX), and PEGMA gels with 20 or 30 wt % ammonium comonomer. Water constituents, 200 mg/L NaCl and 20 mg/L humic acid; pH = 6.4; [sorbent] = 10 mg/L; [PFAS]0 = 1 μg L–1 each; equilibrium time, 21 h. Error bars: standard deviation of 3 experiments.
