Table 2.

Equations and input parameters for exposure calculations

	Scenario 1—Field player 4–11 yr	Scenario 2—Goalkeeper from 7 yr	Scenario 3—Field player 11–18 yr	Scenario 4—Field player 18–35 yr	Reference
General
Body weight (kg)a	15.7	24.3	44.8	68.8	[51]
Frequency (times per week)	2	3	5	5 (veterans: 2)	[2]
Duration (hours per event)	1 × 1 h, 1 × 1.5 h	1 × 1 h, 2 × 1.5 h	1.5	2	[2]
Durationb (months per year)	7 (all routes)	7 (dermal) 10 (inhalation and oral)	7 (dermal) 10 (inhalation and oral)	7 (dermal) 10 (inhalation and oral)	[2]
Dermal Daily exposure = [mass of granulate in dermal contact] × [migrated content]c/[body weight] Year average exposure = daily exposure × [frequency (times) per week] × [frequency (months) per year]
Uncovered body surface area potentially in contact (cm2)a	1260 (¼ legs, ½ arms, hands)	1290 (¼ legs, ½ arms)	2680 (¼ legs, ½ arms, hands)	3680 (¼ legs, ½ arms, hands)	[51]
Amount of rubber granulate on skin (g)d	1	10e	3.3	6	[29]
Inhalation (rubber dust)f Daily exposure to rubber dust = [PM10] × [content] × [respiratory rate] × [duration (hours) per event] Year average exposure = [PM10] × [content] × [respiratory rate] × [duration (hours) per week] × [frequency (months) per year]
Respiratory rate (m3/h; for intensive activity)	1.58	1.92	2.53	3.07	[51]
PM10 (µg/m3) rubber granulateg	12	12	12	12	[16]
Oral Daily exposure = [mass of ingested granulate] × [migration data for substance]c/[body weight] Year average exposure = daily exposure × [frequency (times) per week] × [frequency (months) per year]
Amount of rubber granulate ingested (g)	0.2	0.2	0.05	0.05	[52]
Scenario 5 ‘Lifelong’ field player exposure = [year average exposure scenario 1 × 7 years/70 years] + [year average exposure scenario 3 × 7 years/70 years] + [year average exposure scenario 4 × 18 years/70 years] + [year average exposure veteran scenario × 16 years/70 years]
‘Lifelong’ goalkeeper exposure = [year average exposure scenario 1 × 3 years/70 years] + [year average exposure scenario 2 (bw 24.3 kg) × 4 years/70 years] + [year average exposure scenario 2 (bw 44.8 kg) × 7 years/70 years] + [year average exposure scenario 2 (bw 68.8 kg) × 18 years/70 years] + [year average exposure scenario 2 (bw 68.8 kg, veteran) × 16 years/70 years]

PM10 particulate matter of particles smaller than 10 μm in diameter

^aFor scenarios 1, 2 and 3, the data represent values for the youngest age within the age group. Per kg of body weight, this results in a worst-case exposure estimate for the age group

^bExcluding a 2-month summer break, and additionally for scenario 1 a 3-month winter break. For the other scenarios, skin of legs, arms and hands will be covered during winter season, resulting in a total of 7 months dermal exposure rather than 10 months

^cOr content value, when no migration data are available for a substance

^dOne gram of rubber granulate amounts to approximately 12 cm², when spread out in a 1-grain thick layer, so per cm² the skin can be exposed to 0.083 g rubber granulate. The literature data on amount of rubber granulate in contact with skin represent approximately 1, 1.4 and 2% of the total area that can potentially be in contact in scenarios 1, 3 and 4, respectively

^eIn the absence of literature data for goalkeepers, a 10 times higher exposure than for scenario 1 was assumed, corresponding to approximately 10% of the total area that can potentially be in contact with skin

^fInhalation exposure via vapours was not part of the exposure estimation as none of the prioritised substances was included in the headspace analysis

^gIndoor value