Table 3.
Substances prioritised for risk assessment and toxicological reference values identified
| Substances | Abbreviation | Cas no. | Toxicological reference value | Ref. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oral (mg/kg bw/d) | Dermal (mg/kg bw/d) | Inhalation (mg/m3) | ||||
| Metals | ||||||
| Cadmium | 7440-43-9 | 2.5 × 10−3 mg/kg bw/wk (TWI) | 5 × 10−6 (AQGV) | [53, 54] | ||
| Cobalt | 7440-48-4 | 1.4 × 10−3 (TDI) | 0.5 × 10−3 (TCA) | [55] | ||
| Lead | 7439-92-1 | 0.05 × 10−3 a | 0.5 × 10−3 (AQGV) | [56–58] | ||
| PAHs | ||||||
| Benzo[a]pyrene | BaP | 50-32-8 | 1 × 10−6 b | [59] | ||
| Benzo[a]anthracene | BaA | 56-55-3 | ||||
| Chrysene | CHR | 218-01-9 | ||||
| Benzo[b]fluoranthene | BbFA | 205-99-2 | ||||
| Benzo[k]fluoranthene | BkFA | 207-08-9 | ||||
| Dibenzo[a,h]anthracene | DBahA | 53-70-3 | ||||
| Benzo[e]pyrene | BeP | 192-97-2 | ||||
| Benzo[j]fluoranthene | BjFA | 205-82-3 | ||||
| = ECHA-8 | 0.49c (BMDL10) | 0.74c (BMDL10) | [14, 38] | |||
| Phthalates | ||||||
| Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate | DEHP | 117-81-7 | 0.034 (DNEL) | 0.672 (DNEL) | 0.12 (child) 0.16 (adult) (DNELs) | [60, 61] |
| Diisobutyl phthalate | DIBP | 84-69-5 | 0.0083 (DNEL) | 0.08 (DNEL) | 0.025 (DNEL) | [60, 62] |
| Dibutyl phthalate | DBP | 84-74-2 | 0.0067 (DNEL) | 0.07 (DNEL) | 0.02 (DNEL) | [60, 63] |
| Benzyl butyl phthalate | BBP | 85-68-7 | 0.5 (DNEL) | 10 (DNEL) | 1.7 (DNEL) | [60, 64] |
| Diisononyl phthalate | DINP | 28553-12-0 | 0.25 (DNEL) | 6.25 (DNEL) | 0.87 (child) 1.16 (adult) (DNELs) | [65] |
| Dicyclohexyl phthalate | DCHP | 84-61-7 | 0.18 (DNEL) | 1.8 (DNEL) | 0.63 (DNEL) | [14] |
| Other | ||||||
| 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole | 2-MBT | 149-30-4 | 0.31 (DNEL) | 0.94 (DNEL) | 1.09 (DNEL) | [66] |
| Bisphenol A | BPA | 80-05-7 | 4 × 10−3 (DNEL) | 0.1 × 10−3 d (DNEL) | 0.2 (DNEL) | [14, 67] |
Substances additionally selected subsequent to the two-step prioritisation approach are given in italics
AQGV air quality guideline value, BMDL10 95% lower confidence level of the dosage resulting in a 10% additional cancer risk in laboratory animals upon lifelong exposure, DNEL derived no-effect level, TCA tolerable concentration in air, TDI tolerable daily intake, TWI tolerable weekly intake
aRelated to developmental neurotoxicity, a non-threshold effect. The reference value is a maximum exposure value
bRelated to non-threshold carcinogenicity. The reference value is for BaP, as marker for a PAH mixture, and relates to an additional cancer risk of 1 × 10−4
cRelated to non-threshold carcinogenicity of a PAH mixture. The reference value is for the sum of the eight PAHs specified (the so-called ECHA-8, i.e., the eight PAHs in REACH Annex XVII, entry 50). The reference values relate to additional cancer risks of 1.43 × 10−3 and 9.46 × 10−4 per µg/kg bw/d for the oral and dermal route, respectively
dInternal value (adjusted for absorption)