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. 2020 Jan 2;13(3):460–470. doi: 10.1038/s41385-019-0246-1

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a, b, d, e Intracellular cytokine analysis of IL-17A-expressing CD4⁺ T cells (Th17) in isolated human tonsillar MNCs 48 h following bacterial CCS (1 µg/ml) stimulation, compared to media control (MC) MNCs. a Dot plots were gated on CD4⁺ T cells and numbers in the top right quadrants indicate the percentage of Th17 cells within the CD4⁺ T cell population. Data were analyzed using paired t-test and displayed in mean ± SEM, n = 10. b Dose-dependent Th17 responses activated by NonSAg-Sau and SAg-Sau, respectively. Results are representative of 3 individual samples. c IL-17A concentration in tonsillar MNCs culture supernatants were measured by ELISA and samples assayed in duplicates. Data displayed is individual data points with mean ± SEM, n = 10. Paired t-test was performed on log-transformed data. d Box and Whiskers plot showing the percentage of Th17 cells within CD4⁺ T cells in tonsillar MNCs stimulated with Spn, M. catarrhalis, coagulase-negative staphylococcus (CNS, C4 and C5) and SAg-Sau, respectively. e The percentage of Th17 cells within CD4⁺ T cell population was summarized for tonsillar MNCs activated by NonSAg-Sau, SAg-Sau, and Sau carriage strains (C1, C2, and C3). Data (d, e) was displayed in median (center line), upper and lower quartiles (box limits) and minimum to maximum range (whiskers). 8 (d) and 5 (e) individual samples were tested and analyzed. f Staphylococcal enterotoxin A-E level in Sau strains (PC, positive control. NC, negative control), test was performed in duplicate. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001.