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. 2020 Feb 6;139(5):893–909. doi: 10.1007/s00401-020-02129-7

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© The Author(s) 2020, corrected publication 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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Fig. 5 — Niacin treatment of middle-aged mice enhances recruitment of OPCs and rejuvenates remyelination. a Representative images of lesion epicenters double-stained with Olig2 (green) and PDGFRα (white) from vehicle- and niacin-treated mice at 7 days post-demyelination. b, c Seven day lesions in niacin-treated mice have a significant increase in the densities of Olig2+ oligodendrocyte lineage cells and Olig2+PDGFRα+OPCs. d Representative images of lesion epicenters stained for MBP (green) from vehicle- and niacin-treated mice at 21 days post-demyelination. MBP-positive myelin rings (with zoomed images as inserts) are low in intensity whereas MBP-positive debris is high in intensity. e There is a significant increase in the percentage of MBP-positive area within the lesions of niacin-treated mice. f Representative electron micrographs of day 21 lesions from middle-aged mice treated with either vehicle or niacin. Demyelinated axons are depicted as magenta whereas remyelinated axons are shown in green.g Lesion cores from middle-aged mice treated with niacin have a significant increase in the percentage of axons that are remyelinated compared to lesions from vehicle-treated mice. h Graph displaying g ratios as a function of axon diameter from mice treated with either vehicle or niacin. i Lesions from middle-aged mice treated with niacin have a significant decrease in the mean g ratio (i.e. more remyelinated axons) across all axons analyzed. j Small caliber axons (diameter < 2.5 μm) do not differ in g ratio between vehicle and niacin treatment. k Lesions from middle-aged mice treated with niacin have significantly decreased mean g ratio of large caliber axons (diameter > 2.5 μm). Values are represented as mean with the standard error of the mean. For panels b, c, e, g, i, j, and k, results were analyzed with a one-tail student’s t test. For panels b, c, e, g, each data point represents 1 mouse. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ****p < 0.0001; n.s. not significant. Scale bar equals 50 μm (a), 100 μm (d) and 2 μm (f)