Table 4.

KX capsule or its active ingredients for inhibiting inflammatory network.

Cell type	Ingredient	Model	Molecule mechanism	Cell phenotype	Disease phenotype	Ref
Th17	Cel	E. coli-induced THP-1 macrophage-like cell line and AIA Wistar rats	Inhibits the activation of NF-kB and caspase-1	Prevented Th17 infiltration	Ameliorate	(Cascão et al., 2012)
Macrophage	Cel	E. coli-induced THP-1 macrophage-like cell line and AIA Wistar rats	Inhibits the activation of NF-kB and caspase-1	decreases IL-1β and TNF secreted by macrophages	Ameliorate	(Cascão et al., 2012)
T cell	PG27	T cell	Inhibited activity of IKK kinase, AP-1, and MAPK	Inhibited T cell activity	NA	(Ho et al., 2013)
T cell	TP	T cell	Inhibited activity of IKKα, AP-1, IKKβ, and MAPK	Inhibited T cell activity	NA	(Ho et al., 2013)
Macrophage	Tripterygium wilfordii polycoride	LPS-induced macrophages	Inhibited the expression of TLR4 and NF-κB p65-	Regulated inflammatory cytokines in macrophages	NA	(Ping et al., 2015)
Macrophage	Tripterygium wilfordii polycoride	CFA Wistar rats and LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages	NA	Decreased cytokine IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α produced by macrophages	Ameliorate	(Tong et al., 2018)
FLS	Cel	Hypoxia-induced FLS	Suppressed the binding activity of HIF-1α in the CXCR4 promoter, and blocked hypoxia-induced accumulation of nuclear HIF-1α.	Suppressed hypoxia-induced FLS migration and invasion.	NA	(Li et al., 2013)

Cel, celastrol; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-B; AIA, adjuvant-induced arthritis; IL, interleukin; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; IKK, IκB kinase; AP-1, activator protein 1; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; TLR, Toll-like receptors; FLS, fibroblast-like synoviocytes.