Table 3.
Quality assessment of included studies based on GRADE approach
| No. of studies | Design | Risk of bias | Inconsistency | Indirectness | Imprecision | Other considerations |
Abdominal massage | Routine Care | Pooled effect Relative (95% CI) |
Final judgment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GRV | ||||||||||
| 3 |
Randomized trials |
No Serious | No Serious | No serious indirectness | No serious imprecision | No serious | 17.18/76 | 19.97/76 | −2.11 [−2.78, −1.45] |
⦻⦻⦻⦻ High |
| Number of gastric residual | ||||||||||
| 2 |
Randomized trials |
No Serious | No Serious | No serious indirectness | Serious imprecisionb | No serious | 0.32/25 | 0.35/24 | −0.05 [− 0.34, 0.24] |
⦻⦻⦻◯ Moderate |
| Vomiting frequency | ||||||||||
| 2 |
Randomized trials |
No Serious | Very serious inconsistencya | No serious indirectness | No serious imprecision | No serious | 0.16/44 | 1.17/43 | −0.84 [−1.37, − 0.31] |
⦻⦻◯◯ Low |
| Abdominal circumference | ||||||||||
| 4 |
Randomized trials |
No Serious | Very serious inconsistencya | No serious indirectness | Serious imprecisionb | No serious | 24.53/86 | 26.30/85 | −1.51 [−4.86, 1.84] |
⦻◯◯◯ Very low |
a I2 is higher than 40%, b Not met optimal information size/ CI is very wide