TABLE 4.

mRNA levels of genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism in the liver and muscles of fish injected with saline (0.85% NaCl) and glucose (2 M) before (20 wpi) and after (24 wpi) challenging with CHO-M and CHO-H for 4 weeks (mean ± SD, n = 6).

Genes	Before challenge			0.85% NaCl history		2 M glucose history		P-value1
	0.85% NaCl history	2 M glucose history	P-value	CHO-M	CHO-H	CHO-M	CHO-H	History	Diet	Interaction
Liver glycolysis at week 20				Liver glycolysis at week 24
gck	0.4 ± 0.3	0.8 ± 0.2	0.027	0.5 ± 0.2	1.0 ± 0.3	1.3 ± 1.0	2.4 ± 0.8	0.001	0.010	0.329
pfklr	1.0 ± 1.0	0.9 ± 0.4	0.810	1.4 ± 0.9	1.8 ± 1.4	2.6 ± 2.2	2.0 ± 1.9	0.314	0.889	0.485
pklr	1.4 ± 1.4	0.8 ± 0.3	0.325	1.0 ± 0.2	1.1 ± 0.7	1.3 ± 0.5	1.6 ± 0.3	0.024	0.360	0.655
Liver gluconeogenesis at week 20				Liver gluconeogenesis at week 24
g6pca1	1.3 ± 0.5	1.4 ± 0.8	0.626	1.3 ± 0.5	0.9 ± 0.4	1.1 ± 0.4	0.8 ± 0.1	0.313	0.059	0.715
g6pca2	0.9 ± 0.3	1.2 ± 0.4	0.103	1.6 ± 0.9	0.9 ± 0.4	1.4 ± 0.5	0.8 ± 0.5	0.856	0.003	0.477
pck1	0.6 ± 0.4	1.4 ± 1.3	0.230	1.5 ± 0.9	0.8 ± 0.5	0.8 ± 0.6	0.2 ± 0.1	0.016	0.010	0.779
pck2	0.7 ± 0.3	0.7 ± 0.6	0.938	2.9 ± 1.8	0.6 ± 0.6	1.7 ± 1.4	0.7 ± 0.4	0.244	0.003	0.209
Liver lipogenesis at week 20				Liver lipogenesis at week 24
fasn	1.2 ± 1.0	1.0 ± 0.3	0.682	1.1 ± 0.8	1.3 ± 0.8	1.1 ± 0.8	2.3 ± 0.2	0.087	0.031	0.111
g6pd	0.9 ± 0.5	1.3 ± 0.7	0.328	0.9 ± 0.4	1.4 ± 0.7	0.9 ± 0.3	2.4 ± 1.2	0.077	0.007	0.211
Liver amino acid catabolism at week 20				Liver amino acid catabolism at week 24
asat	0.9 ± 0.5	1.3 ± 0.5	0.266	1.4 ± 0.5b	0.4 ± 0.2c	2.1 ± 0.5a	0.2 ± 0.1c	0.119	< 0.001	0.010
alat	0.9 ± 0.4	1.1 ± 0.2	0.280	2.3 ± 1.6	1.1 ± 0.7	2.7 ± 1.3	1.0 ± 0.4	0.810	0.005	0.651
gdh	1.0 ± 0.5	1.2 ± 0.2	0.470	1.7 ± 0.5	1.2 ± 0.4	1.7 ± 0.7	1.3 ± 0.3	0.937	0.039	0.904
Glucose transport and muscle metabolism at week 20				Glucose transport and muscle metabolism at week 24
glut4	0.8 ± 0.4	1.2 ± 0.3	0.071	0.6 ± 0.4	0.8 ± 0.1	1.1 ± 0.3	1.1 ± 0.4	0.005	0.327	0.631
hk1	0.8 ± 0.3	1.2 ± 0.3	0.047	0.7 ± 0.2	0.9 ± 0.2	0.9 ± 0.2	1.2 ± 0.2	0.019	0.018	0.656
hk2	0.7 ± 0.3	1.1 ± 0.3	0.030	0.8 ± 0.2	0.9 ± 0.4	1.1 ± 0.3	1.2 ± 0.1	0.009	0.225	0.752
pfkma	0.8 ± 0.4	1.2 ± 0.7	0.262	1.0 ± 1.0	0.7 ± 0.2	0.7 ± 0.3	0.9 ± 0.5	0.853	0.825	0.305
pfkmb	1.1 ± 0.2	0.8 ± 0.3	0.165	1.2 ± 0.6	0.9 ± 0.3	1.0 ± 0.3	1.1 ± 0.2	0.971	0.407	0.237
pkma	0.8 ± 0.3	1.0 ± 0.4	0.617	0.8 ± 0.1b	0.8 ± 0.2b	0.7 ± 0.1b	1.1 ± 0.2a	0.205	0.002	0.015

¹Two-way ANOVA was used to analyze the effects of glucose injection (History), challenging diet (Diet) and their interaction (History × Diet). Different letters indicate significant differences in the mean values for four combination groups (P < 0.05).