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. 2020 Apr 24;11:2015. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-15771-2

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a–c Impacts of SDS concentration on the performance and properties of the TFC-PA membranes, including a rejection of various salts; b rejection of uncharged model solutes including raffinose, sucrose, glucose, and glycerol. Inset: pore size distribution of PA active layers derived from rejection curves of uncharged solutes (Supplementary Table 20); and c water flux. The hydraulic pressure was 4 bar and the salt concentration in the feed solution was 1000 ppm. d, e SEM images of the surface of TCF-PA membranes obtained using SARIP and conventional IP performed on a PES support, respectively; f, g AFM topography of free-standing PA films from SARIP and conventional IP, respectively. The free-standing films were fabricated without support and then transferred to silicon wafers. The error bars represent the standard deviation of data from three replicate measurements.