Table 1.

Clinical and metabolic characteristics of normal cycle and PCOS women.

	Normal cycle (n = 7)	PCOS-placebo (n = 9)			PCOS-pioglitazone (n = 11)
		Pretreatment	Posttreatment	Change from pretreatment	Pretreatment	Posttreatment	Change from pretreatment
Age, years	33.4 ± 2.3	27.5 ± 0.9*	–	–	27.5 ± 1.3*	–	–
BMI, Kg/m2	35.3 ± 2.5	34.8 ± 2.2	36.7 ± 2.4	1.9 ± 1.2	38.2 ± 1.8	38.9 ± 2.0†	0.7 ± 0.6‡
Fasting glucose, mg/dL	99.3 ± 2.6	91.9 ± 1.3*	92.0 ± 2.2	0.2 ± 2.4	96.1 ± 3.2	89.6 ± 2.1	−6.5 ± 2.9
Fasting insulin, IU/L	14.3 ± 2.4	26.6 ± 2.7**	27.7 ± 3.0	1.3 ± 1.6	36.3 ± 4.7**	24.2 ± 4.2	−12.2 ± 3.7‡
HOMA2-IR	1.9 ± 0.3	3.1 ± 0.3*	3.5 ± 0.5	0.3 ± 0.3	4.4 ± 0.5**	2.8 ± 0.5	−1.6 ± 0.3#
HOMA-β, %	116.4 ± 10.8	203.4 ± 16.1**	210.0 ± 16.5	6.6 ± 12.5	240.4 ± 19.9**	190.5 ± 17.6	−49.9 ± 22.9
GDR, mg/kg/min	8.6 ± 0.7	7.1 ± 1.0	6.6 ± 0.9	−0.5 ± 0.5	5.3 ± 0.5**	6.5 ± 0.3	1.2 ± 0.3#
LDL cholesterol, mg/dL	107.7 ± 16.9	116.4 ± 6.7	113.0 ± 10.2	−3.4 ± 6.2	109.4 ± 6.9	110.9 ± 8.0	1.4 ± 8.5
HDL cholesterol, mg/dL	40.5 ± 1.9	44.8 ± 3.5	39.0 ± 2.2	−5.8 ± 4.1	39.2 ± 2.9	41.7 ± 2.9	2.5 ± 3.0
Triglyceride, mg/dL	122.2 ± 16.8	102.1 ± 13.6	81.0 ± 11.6	−21.1 ± 14.2	148.0 ± 13.9§	126.7 ± 21.2	−21.3 ± 20.0
FFA, mmol/L	–	1.17 ± 0.11	1.06 ± 0.09	−0.11 ± 0.19	1.15 ± 0.07	1.05 ± 0.10	−0.10 ± 0.08
Adiponectin, µg/mL	17.7 ± 1.9	9.6 ± 1.5**	11.4 ± 1.9	1.7 ± 2.7	9.1 ± 1.4**	19.2 ± 2.3	10.1 ± 1.8#

Data are expressed as frequency and means ± SEM. Comparison between groups was performed using ANOVA with a post hoc Fisher’s PLSD test and paired Student’s t-test.

BMI, body mass index; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance; HOMA-β (%), homeostasis model assessment-β (%); GDR, glucose disposal rate; FFA, free fatty acid.

*p < 0.05 vs normal cycle; **p < 0.01 vs normal cycle; ^§p < 0.05 vs PCOS-placebo; ^†p < 0.05 vs pretreatment; ^‡p < 0.05 vs change from pretreatment of PCOS-placebo; ^#p < 0.01 vs change from pretreatment PCOS-placebo.