Table 1.
Included Studies (n = 31)
| Authors, (year) | Population | No. allocated | Mean age (year) | Female (%) | Dosage | Session format | Disability measure | Primary outcome (Yes; No) | Follow-up duration (month) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Control | Intervention | Control | Intervention | Control | |||||||
| Alexopoulos et al. (2011) | Major depressive disorder | 110 | 111 | 72.8 | 73.2 | N/A | N/A | 12 Weekly sessions | Individual | WHODAS | Yes | 9 |
| Binder et al. (2002) | Frailty | 66 | 49 | 83.0 | 83.0 | 52.0 | 53.0 | 1 h/3 times × 12 weeks | Group | FSQ | Yes | 9 |
| Bouman et al. (2008) | Poor health conditions | 139 | 154 | 75.8 | 75.6 | 60.0 | 60.0 | 1–1.5 h/8 sessions | Individual | GARS | Yes | 24 |
| Callahan et al. (2005) | Major depression or dysthymic disorder | 906 | 895 | 71.0 | 71.4 | 64.1 | 65.6 | 6–8 Sessions | Individual | 7 IADL | Yes | 12 |
| Cameron et al. (2013) | Frailty | 108 | 116 | 83.4 | 83.2 | 67.0 | 68.0 | 10 Sessions | Individual | BI | Yes | 12 |
| Chin et al. (2001) | Physical inactivity | 80 | 74 | 77.5 | 78.9 | 73.0 | 70.0 | 45 min/2 times × 17 weeks | Group | 16 ADL | Yes | 3 |
| Clare et al. (2015) | Without dementia or intellectual disability | 22 | 27 | 68.2 | 70.2 | 79.2 | 85.2 | A session and a follow-up call | Individual | FCAS | Yes | 12 |
| 21 | 27 | 67.5 | 70.2 | 95.8 | 85.2 | |||||||
| Clark et al. (1997) | Without dementia | 101 | 202 | N/A | N/A | 64.0 | 65.5 | 2 h per week/9 month | Group+ Individual | FSQ | Yes | 9 |
| Counsell et al. (2007) | Income less than 200% of the federal poverty level | 474 | 477 | 71.8 | 71.6 | 75.5 | 76.5 | 1 Visit and 1 phone call | Individual | 7 ADL + 6 BADL | Yes | 24 |
| Day et al. (2012) | Preclinical disability | 171 | 190 | N/A | N/A | 66.2 | 69.7 | 1 h/2 times × 48 weeks |
Group | LLFDI | Yes | 6 |
| Dorresteijn et al. (2016) | Concerns about falls and associated activity avoidance | 141 | 171 | 78.4 | 78.3 | 68.0 | 72.3 | 3 Sessions; 4 phone calls | Individual | GARS | No | 12 |
| Fairhall et al. (2012) | Frailty | 111 | 121 | 83.4 | 83.2 | 67.0 | 68.0 | 1 h/10 sessions | Individual | LSA-UAB | Yes | 12 |
| Foley et al. (2011) | Discharge from day rehabilitation | 34 | 36 | 78.3 | 79.9 | 79.0 | 81.0 | 1 h/24 sessions | Individual | BI | Yes | 3 |
| Gill et al. (2004) | Frailty | 91 | 91 | 82.8 | 83.5 | 85.0 | 74.0 | 16 Sessions × 6 months | Individual | 8 ADL | Yes | 12 |
| Gitlin et al. (2006) | Difficulty with two IADLs or one ADL | 154 | 146 | 79.5 | 78.5 | 82.5 | 81.1 | 1.5 h/6 sessions | Individual | 6 ADL + 6 IADL | Yes | 12 |
| Haines et al. (2009) | Discharged from hospital | 19 | 34 | 80.9 | 80.5 | 74.0 | 53.0 | 8 Weekly phone calls | Individual | FAI | Yes | 6 |
| Hendriks et al. (2008) | Fall | 123 | 134 | 74.5 | 75.2 | 66.9 | 70.1 | 2 Visits | Individual | FAI | No | 12 |
| Kerse et al. (2010) | Depressive symptoms | 94 | 87 | 81.4 | 80.8 | 63.9 | 53.1 | 1 h/8 sessions | Individual | NEADL | Yes | 12 |
| Kerse et al. (2014) | Participated in primary care practice | 1787 | 1619 | 80.4 | 80.3 | 56.0 | 54.0 | 3 Visits | Individual | NEADL | Yes | 36 |
| King et al. (2012) | Received assistance from the home care | 82 | 82 | 80.5 | 78.4 | 77.4 | 69.9 | At least 5 visits | Individual | NEADL | No | 7 |
| Kono et al. (2012) | Frailty | 105 | 100 | 80.3 | 79.6 | 73.9 | 74.1 | 4 Visits | Individual | BI | Yes | 24 |
| Lannin et al. (2007) | Mild to no cognitive impairments | 5 | 5 | 80.0 | 82.4 | 100 | 60.0 | 55–85 min/1 session | Individual | NEADL | Yes | 3 |
| Liu et al. (2014) | Fall | 64 | 58 | 74.5 | 74.5 | 87.5 | 86.2 | 1.5 h/8 sessions | Group | 5 Social activities | No | 3 |
| Mahoney et al. (2007) | Fall | 130 | 135 | 79.6 | 80.3 | 78.7 | 78.3 | 2 Visits/phone calls | Individual | BI | No | 12 |
| Pighills et al. (2011) | Fall | 87 | 78 | 78.0 | 80.0 | 71.0 | 67.0 | 1 Visit/2 phone calls | Individual | BI | No | 12 |
| 73 | 78 | 79.0 | 80.0 | 62.0 | 67.0 | |||||||
| Rockwood et al. (2003) | Frailty | 85 | 80 | 81.4 | 82.2 | 56.8 | 57.5 | 1–6 Visits/1 follow-up | Individual | Lawton IADL | N/A | 12 |
| Rydwik et al. (2010) | Frailty | 20 | 19 | 83.5 | 82.9 | 47.8 | 69.6 | 1 h/2 times × 12 weeks | Group | FIM | No | 24 |
| Szanton et al. (2011) | Low income; difficulties in 1ADL or 2 IADLs | 20 | 15 | 79.0 | 77.0 | 96.0 | 94.0 | 1 h/10 sessions | Individual | 5 ADL+ 6 IADL | Yes | 6 |
| van Hout et al. (2010) | Frailty | 331 | 330 | 81.3 | 81.5 | 72.2 | 68.8 | 3 Visits/phone contacts | Individual | GARS | Yes | 18 |
| Villareal et al. (2006) | Frail and obese | 17 | 10 | 71.1 | 69.4 | 60.0 | 71.0 | 1.5 h/3 days × 26 weeks | Group | FSQ | Yes | 24 |
| von Bonsdorff et al. (2008) | Sedentary | 310 | 306 | 77.6 | 77.6 | 74.5 | 75.2 | 1 h/every 4 months phone calls | Individual | Lawton IADL | Yes | 24 |
| Total | 6081 | 5952 | 77.9 | 78.4 | 71.8 | 69.7 |
Note: N/A = none applicable; WHODAS = World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule; FSQ = Functional Status Questionnaire; GARS = Groningen Activity Restriction Scale; BI = Barthel Index); FCAS = Florida Cognitive Activities Scale; LLFDI = Late-Life Function and Disability Instrument); LSA-UAB = University of Alabama at Birmingham Study of Aging Life-Space Assessment; FAI = Frenchay Activities Index; NEADL = Nottingham Extended Activities of Daily Living Scale; FIM = Functional Independence Measure.