Table 2.
Relative Risk Ratios for Homebound Trajectory Group Membership
| Baseline characteristics | Onset versus never | p value | Chronic versus never | p value | Chronic versus onset | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age in 5-year interval | 1.17 (1.12–1.23) | <.001 | 1.49 (1.38–1.62) | <.001 | 1.28 (1.18–1.38) | <.001 | |
| Male (reference: female) | 1.13 (1.00–1.29) | .059 | 0.79 (0.62–1.00) | .048 | 0.70 (0.56–0.87) | .002 | |
| Race/ethnicity | Joint hypothesis test: F (6, 51) = 2.06, p = .074 | ||||||
| White, non-Hispanic | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Black, non-Hispanic | 1.14 (0.97–1.35) | .110 | 1.07 (0.84–1.37) | .56 | 0.94 (0.75–1.18) | .58 | |
| Hispanic | 1.34 (1.02–1.78) | .037 | 1.77 (1.14–2.72) | .011 | 1.31 (0.83–2.08) | .24 | |
| Other | 1.52 (1.02–2.25) | .038 | 1.26 (0.60–2.64) | .53 | 0.83 (0.37–1.86) | .65 | |
| Education | Joint hypothesis test: F (6, 51) = 2.62, p = .027 | ||||||
| Less than high school | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
| High school | 0.90 (0.75–1.09) | .29 | 0.84 (0.63–1.12) | .24 | 0.93 (0.71–1.23) | .61 | |
| Some college, no degree | 0.91 (0.77–1.08) | .29 | 0.76 (0.55–1.04) | .08 | 0.83 (0.60–1.16) | .28 | |
| College graduate | 0.70 (0.57–0.86) | .001 | 0.78 (0.55–1.11) | .16 | 1.12 (0.82–1.52) | .48 | |
| Family income in 2011 | Joint hypothesis test: F (6, 51) = 2.11, p = .068 | ||||||
| First quartile | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Second quartile | 0.93 (0.77–1.13) | .48 | 1.08 (0.82–1.43) | .57 | 1.16 (0.89–1.50) | .26 | |
| Third quartile | 0.89 (0.76–1.05) | .16 | 0.94 (0.70–1.26) | .67 | 1.05 (0.78–1.42) | .73 | |
| Fourth quartile | 0.82 (0.68–1.01) | .056 | 0.72 (0.52–0.99) | .043 | 0.87 (0.59–1.28) | .48 | |
| Live alone | 0.89 (0.76–1.04) | .15 | 0.65 (0.51–0.83) | .001 | 0.72 (0.55–0.96) | .027 | |
| Social isolation status | Joint hypothesis test: F (4, 53) = 15.3, p < .001 | ||||||
| Not isolated | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Somewhat isolated | 1.23 (1.04–1.45) | .015 | 2.35 (1.47–3.75) | .001 | 1.91 (1.16–3.12) | .011 | |
| Socially isolated | 1.31 (1.08–1.59) | .007 | 4.42 (2.78–7.05) | <.001 | 3.38 (2.02–5.66) | <.001 | |
| Social capital | 1.06 (0.94–1.21) | .33 | 1.01 (0.84–1.22) | .88 | 0.95 (0.78–1.17) | .64 | |
| Elevated depression or anxiety symptoms | 1.13 (0.97–1.30) | .10 | 1.80 (1.47–2.21) | <.001 | 1.60 (1.28–2.01) | <.001 | |
| Ever smoked regularly | 1.18 (1.03–1.36) | .022 | 1.30 (1.03–1.63) | .026 | 1.10 (0.87–1.39) | .41 | |
| Chronic disease count | 0.99 (0.94–1.03) | .60 | 1.16 (1.08–1.26) | <.001 | 1.18 (1.09–1.27) | <.001 | |
| ADL limitations | 1.05 (0.95–1.15) | .35 | 1.29 (1.15–1.46) | <.001 | 1.24 (1.12–1.36) | <.001 | |
| IADL limitations | 1.10 (1.02–1.19) | .014 | 1.47 (1.33–1.61) | <.001 | 1.33 (1.20–1.48) | <.001 | |
| Activity limitation due to pain | 1.05 (0.89–1.23) | .58 | 1.02 (0.77–1.34) | .92 | 0.97 (0.73–1.29) | .83 | |
| Dementia status | Joint hypothesis test: F (4, 53) = 3.3, p = .020 | ||||||
| No dementia | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Possible dementia | 1.15 (0.94–1.42) | .17 | 1.44 (1.09–1.91) | .012 | 1.25 (0.94–1.66) | .13 | |
| Probable dementia | 1.46 (1.11–1.92) | .008 | 1.71 (1.15–2.54) | .009 | 1.17 (0.83–1.66) | .37 | |
| Mobility device (reference: no device) | |||||||
| Cane | 1.11 (0.92–1.34) | .26 | 0.91 (0.69–1.20) | .50 | 0.82 (0.61–1.10) | .19 | |
| Walker | 1.25 (1.00–1.56) | .047 | 1.69 (1.30–2.20) | <.001 | 1.35 (1.02–1.79) | .036 | |
| Wheelchair/scooter | 1.43 (1.02–2.01) | .038 | 1.84 (1.29–2.64) | .001 | 1.29 (0.89–1.86) | .18 | |
| Stairs at entryway | 0.87 (0.74–1.03) | .11 | 0.81 (0.63–1.04) | .09 | 0.93 (0.72–1.19) | .54 | |
| Ramp at entryway | 0.87 (0.68–1.11) | .24 | 0.94 (0.68–1.29) | .70 | 1.08 (0.77–1.53) | .64 | |
| Proxy respondents | 0.86 (0.65–1.15) | .30 | 1.25 (0.82–1.91) | .30 | 1.45 (1.01–2.08) | .047 | |
Notes: ADL = activities of daily living; IADL = instrumental activities of daily living. Results from two separate multinomial logistic regressions, using “never” and “onset” group as the reference, respectively. 95% confidence intervals in parentheses.