Figure 4.

The effects of a high-fat diet (HFD) and ketogenic diet (KD) on clock-controlled gene (CCG) expression in mouse liver. The HFD abolishes rhythms in CCGs by reducing CLOCK:BMAL1 chromatin binding (136), whereas the KD increases rhythmic CLOCK:BMAL1 binding and thereby CCG expression amplitude (147). Both diets induce de novo rhythms in other metabolic genes because of the rhythmic nuclear accumulation of non-clock transcription regulators (PPARg and SREBP-1 in liver under HFD; PPARα in intestine and rhythmic histone deacetylation by serum BHB under KD).