Table 2.
Selected Polysomnography and Self-Reported Sleep Variables (Intent-to-Treat Imputed Values) at Baseline and 12 Months, Means (SD), and Sample Sizes [N] by Study Arm
| Variables | Study Arm | Baseline (SD) | 12 Month (SD) |
|---|---|---|---|
| PSG data [N] | |||
| Sleep latency, min [36] | Exercise | 15.06 (17.12) | 14.22 (12.23) |
| [30] | Control | 17.74 (11.68) | 18.42 (13.55) |
| Number of awakenings: 1st third of sleep period [36] | Exercise | 4.65 (2.88) | 4.28 (2.72)* |
| [30] | Control | 3.26 (1.66) | 4.27 (2.46) |
| Number of awakenings: 2nd third of sleep period [36] | Exercise | 5.22 (2.89) | 5.73 (3.38) |
| [30] | Control | 4.36 (1.92) | 4.78 (1.87) |
| Number of awakenings: last third of sleep period [36] | Exercise | 8.78 (7.16) | 7.93 (3.92) |
| [30] | Control | 5.66 (2.72) | 7.62 (4.65) |
| % Sleep time in Stage 1 [36] | Exercise | 9.13 (3.96) | 7.88 (3.77)** |
| [30] | Control | 8.24 (3.51) | 9.37 (5.85) |
| % Sleep time in Stage 2 [36] | Exercise | 52.79 (8.17) | 53.68 (9.63)* |
| [30] | Control | 53.37 (8.67) | 50.96 (9.77) |
| % Sleep time in slow wave sleep [36] | Exercise | 1.31 (1.99) | 0.59 (1.68) |
| [30] | Control | 0.73 (1.32) | 0.23 (0.67) |
| Total sleep time, min [36] | Exercise | 361.58 (60.34) | 361.09 (65.48) |
| [30] | Control | 361.94 (63.58) | 373.95 (54.64) |
| Sleep efficiency, % [36] | Exercise | 80.95 (9.52) | 79.89 (10.53) |
| [30] | Control | 82.46 (9.37) | 81.09 (10.36) |
| Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) | |||
| Sleep duration subscale [36] | Exercise | 0.89 (0.92) | 0.61 (0.84) |
| [30] | Control | 0.83 (0.87) | 0.57 (0.63) |
| ++Sleep disturbance subscale [36] | Exercise | 1.47 (0.51) | 1.31 (0.47)** |
| [30] | Control | 1.45 (0.51) | 1.57 (0.50) |
| Daytime dysfunction subscale [36] | Exercise | 1.19 (0.62) | 0.94 (0.71) |
| [30] | Control | 1.00 (0.53) | 1.13 (0.68) |
| +PSQI global score [36] | Exercise | 8.47 (3.61) | 6.36 (3.39)† |
| [30] | Control | 7.57 (2.78) | 6.57 (2.84) |
| Sleep diary | |||
| Sleep latency minutes [36] | Exercise | 38.44 (23.32) | 26.02 (18.5)** |
| [30] | Control | 23.08 (19.01) | 28.02 (21.04) |
| +++Feeling rested in morning [36] | Exercise | 3.58 (1.14) | 4.42 (1.52)* |
| [30] | Control | 3.83 (1.10) | 4.05 (1.24) |
| Number of awakenings [36] | Exercise | 2.59 (2.23) | 1.83 (1.40) |
| [30] | Control | 2.71 (2.01) | 2.28 (1.26) |
| Total sleep time [35] | Exercise | 7.53 (0.70) | 7.58 (0.78) |
| [29] | Control | 7.42 (0.87) | 7.84 (0.80) |
| Total nap time, h [23] | Exercise | 1.02 (0.52) | 0.92 (0.54) |
| [20] | Control | 0.64 (0.31) | 0.69 (0.38) |
Notes:
+
0–21 scale: lower score = better sleep quality
++
0–3 scale: lower score = less disturbance
+++
0–8 scale: higher score = better rested.
*
Between-arm difference (analysis of covariance [ANCOVA]), p < .05, one-tailed.
**
Between-arm difference (ANCOVA), p ≤ .01, one-tailed.
†
Between-arm difference (ANCOVA), p = .07, one-tailed.
SD = standard deviation; PSG = polysomnography.