. 2011 Mar 2:155–262. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-7020-3369-8.00005-7

Table 5.1.1.

The varieties of pulmonary disease described in 131 patients with AIDS.137, 138 The opportunistic invaders are often present in combination and the inflammatory reaction to them is often atypical: for example, the reaction to mycobacterial infection (frequently Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare) is often non-granulomatous, whilst Pneumocystis jirovecii may provoke a granulomatous response or diffuse alveolar damage, rather than the usual foamy alveolar exudate

	Patients (%)
Opportunistic infection
Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia^a	63

Cytomegalovirus pneumonia	19

Mycobacterial pneumonia	13

Bacterial pneumonia^a	8

Invasive candidiasis	2

Toxoplasmosis	2

Cryptococcosis	1

Invasive aspergillosis	1

Histoplasmosis	1
Non-infectious diseases
Diffuse alveolar damage	15

Kaposi's sarcoma	9

Non-specific interstitial pneumonitis^a	5

Pulmonary haemorrhage	3

Pulmonary lymphoid hyperplasia^b	0

Lymphoid interstitial pneumonia	2

Lymphoma^a	2

^{^a}

Since the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), P. jirovecii pneumonia has become less common while bacterial pneumonia and lymphoma have increased.139, 140, 141

^{^b}

Pulmonary lymphoid hyperplasia is seen particularly in children suffering from acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)142, 143, 144, 145 but is also recorded in occasional adults.¹⁴⁶ Together with lymphoid interstitial pneumonia, pulmonary lymphoma and the sicca syndrome,¹⁴⁷ it forms a spectrum of pulmonary lymphoproliferative disease in AIDS and other conditions.