Table 4. IPV experience by different variables.
| Factor Group | Variable | Class | IPV (n = 3,897) | P-Value* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No | Yes | ||||
| No (%) | No (%) | ||||
| Respondent characteristics | Current age | 15–19 | 168 (6.5) | 54 (4.1) | 0.238 |
| 20–24 | 402 (15.6) | 191 (14.4) | |||
| 25–29 | 616 (24.0) | 287 (21.6) | |||
| 30–34 | 527 (20.5) | 300 (22.6) | |||
| 35–39 | 402 (15.7) | 228 (17.2) | |||
| 40–44 | 277 (10.8) | 147 (11.1) | |||
| 45–49 | 178 (6.9) | 120 (9.1) | |||
| Age at first cohabitation | <18 years | 1016 (39.6) | 457 (34.4) | 0.045 | |
| ≥18 years | 1553 (60.4) | 871 (65.6) | |||
| Educational status | No education | 1524 (59.3) | 873 (65.8) | 0.001 | |
| Primary | 705 (27.5) | 362 (27.2) | |||
| Secondary+ | 340 (13.2) | 93 (7.0) | |||
| Employment status | Not employed | 1319 (51.3) | 633 (47.7) | 0.196 | |
| Employed | 1250 (48.7) | 695 (52.3) | |||
| Religion | Christian | 1647 (64.1) | 865 (65.2) | 0.011 | |
| Muslim | 893 (34.7) | 420 (31.6) | |||
| Other | 30 (1.2) | 43 (3.2) | |||
| Witness inter-parental violence | No | 2028 (78.9) | 727 (54.8) | <0.001 | |
| Yes | 542 (21.1) | 601 (45.2) | |||
| Number of living children | One or less | 654 (25.5) | 266 (20.0) | 0.035 | |
| 2–3 | 725 (28.2) | 398 (30.0) | |||
| ≥4 | 1191 (46.3) | 664 (50.0) | |||
| Substance abuse | No | 1413 (55.0) | 618 (46.5) | 0.005 | |
| Yes | 1156 (45.0) | 710 (53.5) | |||
| Wife beating attitude | No | 910 (35.4) | 363 (27.3) | 0.001 | |
| Yes | 1659 (64.6) | 965 (72.7) | |||
| Partner characteristics | Age of partner | Below 25 | 148 (5.8) | 52 (3.9) | 0.283 |
| 25–34 | 848 (33.0) | 450 (33.9) | |||
| ≥35 | 1573 (61.2) | 826 (62.2) | |||
| Partner's educational status | No education | 1140 (44.4) | 700 (52.7) | <0.001 | |
| Primary | 908 (35.3) | 489 (36.8) | |||
| Secondary+ | 521 (20.3) | 139 (10.5) | |||
| Partner drinks alcohol | No | 1951 (75.9) | 799 (60.2) | <0.001 | |
| Yes | 618 (24.1) | 529 (39.8) | |||
| Factor Group | Variable | Class | IPV (n = 3,897) | P-Value* | |
| No | Yes | ||||
| No (%) | No (%) | ||||
| Household characteristics | Access to media | No | 1531 (59.6) | 893 (67.2) | 0.007 |
| Yes | 1038 (40.4) | 435 (32.8) | |||
| Wealth index | Poorest | 465 (18.1) | 283 (21.3) | <0.001 | |
| Poorer | 504 (19.6) | 289 (21.7) | |||
| Middle | 484 (18.8) | 315 (23.7) | |||
| Richer | 491 (19.1) | 242 (18.2) | |||
| Richest | 625 (24.3) | 199 (15.0) | |||
| Relationship level variables | Decision-making autonomy | No | 739 (28.8) | 464 (34.9) | 0.024 |
| Yes | 1830 (71.2) | 864 (65.1) | |||
| Head of the household | Male | 2200 (85.6) | 1157 (87.1) | 0.428 | |
| Female | 369 (14.4) | 171 (12.9) | |||
| Educational difference | Women higher | 208 (8.1) | 171 (12.9) | 0.010 | |
| Same | 1631 (63.5) | 790 (59.5) | |||
| Husband higher | 730 (28.4) | 366 (27.6) | |||
| Age difference | Women younger | 84 (3.3) | 37 (2.8) | 0.624 | |
| Same age | 47(1.8) | 36 (2.7) | |||
| Husband older by ≤5years | 1030 (40.1) | 526 (39.6) | |||
| Husband older by >5 years | 1409 (54.8) | 729 (54.9) | |||
| Community/cluster level variables (n = 639) | Place of residence | Urban | 125 (36.2) | 75 (25.5) | 0.004 |
| Rural | 220 (63.8) | 219 (74.5) | |||
| Early marriage | Low | 194 (56.2) | 150 (51.0) | 0.188 | |
| High | 151 (43.8) | 144 (49.0) | |||
| Female literacy | Low | 159 (46.1) | 130 (44.2) | 0.636 | |
| High | 186 (53.9) | 164 (55.8) | |||
| Women’s autonomy | Low | 155 (44.9) | 162 (55.1) | 0.010 | |
| High | 190 (55.1) | 132 (44.9) | |||
| IPV acceptability | Low | 223 (64.6) | 154 (52.4) | 0.002 | |
| High | 122 (35.4) | 140 (47.6) | |||
| Societal/regional-level variables (n = 11) | MPI | Below national average | 4 (66.7) | 3 (60.0) | 0. 652¥ |
| Above national average | 2 (33.3) | 2 (40.0) | |||
| GEI | Below average | 2 (33.3) | 3 (60.0) | 0. 392¥ | |
| Above average | 4 (66.7) | 2 (40.0) | |||
*P-value was based on chi-squared test; IPV = Intimate Partner Violence; MPI = Multi-dimensional Poverty Index
¥P-value was based on Fisher's exact test; GEI = Gender Empowerment Index