Fig. 1.

Mitochondrial dynamics and cellular effects of NO. Nitric oxide can be produced at different levels of the ETC (Planchet et al., 2005; Castello et al., 2006; Gupta and Igamberdiev, 2011; Alber et al., 2017; Vishwakarma et al., 2018). A balance between NO and O₂ exists in the mitochondria (Vieira and Kroemer, 2003; Amirsadeghi et al., 2007). Nitric oxide can lead to the formation of peroxynitrite (Radi et al., 2002; Gupta et al., 2011). The balance between NO and O₂ may act as a hypoxic signal involving several classes of transcription factors (Castello et al., 2006; Gibbs et al., 2015). Q, quinone pool; TF, transcription factor.