Fig. 2.

Mechanisms of mitochondrial oxidative stress sensing through metallome and lipid peroxidation dynamics. Oxidative-stress-mediated damage triggers the release of metals from mitochondrial proteins and the released metals are the catalysts of metal-catalysed oxidation (Møller et al., 2011; Jacoby et al., 2012). Cascades of reactions lead to the formation of lipid peroxidation products, such as acrolein and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE), with wide-ranging effects on metabolism, redox status and programmed cell death (Winger et al., 2005, 2007; Mano, 2012; Biswas and Mano, 2015, 2016). LPEP, lipid peroxidation end products.