Table 2.

Risk factors for work retention among longer-term cancer survivors

Author and year	Risk factors assessed	Resultsa
Amir et al., 2007 [28]	• Patient-related: gender, deprivation • Clinical: surgery • Work-related: length of sick leave	Longer sick leave (OR = 1.68, 1.2–2.3) and absence of surgery (OR = 0.28, 0.08–0.9) were significantly associated with working 3 years after diagnosis
Blinder et al., 2012 [29]; Blinder et al., 2013 [30]	• Patient-related: age, race/ethnicity, birthplace, household income, adequate financial resources, marital status, children living at home, seniors living at home, education, acculturation, social support • Clinical: comorbid conditions, stage at diagnosis, type of surgery, breast reconstruction, axilliary node dissection, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, endocrine therapy • Work-related: job type, full/part-time work at diagnosis	Presence of comorbid conditions (OR = 0.25, 0.08–0.7) was significantly associated with not returning to work 3–5 years postdiagnosis
Jagsi et al., 2014 [35]	• Patient-related: age, race, education, family income, marital status, area of residence, family income • Clinical: comorbidities, stage at diagnosis, type of surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy • Work-related: full/part time work at diagnosis, employment support (sick leave/flexible schedule)	Older age at diagnosis (≥ 56 vs < 46: OR = 1.42, 1.03–1.9), receipt of chemotherapy (OR = 1.42, 1.03–1.98), comorbidities (≥ 2 vs none: OR = 2.16, 1.6–2.9), and lack of work adjustments (none vs sick leave and/or flexible schedule vs: OR = 1.33, 1.1–1.6) were significantly associated with unemployment
Landeiro et al., 2018 [39]	• Patient-related: education, age, changes in marital status, • Clinical: health status, weight gain, depression, pain, lymphedema, breast conserving surgery, breast reconstruction, axillary dissection, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, endocrine therapy, anti-HER2 therapy, quality of life • Work-related: changes in income, work adjustment, employer discrimination, employer support	Higher household income (OR = 16.6, 1.8–155), work adjustments (OR 37.6, 3.31–427), breast conserving surgery (OR 9.8, 2.0–47), not having depression (OR 14.3, 1.6–100), and not having endocrine therapy (OR 9.1, 1.3–50) were significantly associated with working at 2 years post-diagnosis
Maunsell et al., 2004 [40]; Drolet et al., 2005a [41]; Drolet et al., 2005b [42]	• Patient-related: age, living with partner, children, education, personal income • Clinical: disease status since diagnosis (disease-free vs recurrence/contralateral breast cancer); radiotherapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, affected nodes • Work-related: union member, experience in job, type of job, hours per week, value of work	Significant predictors of not working at 3 years were: older age (50–59 vs 18–39 OR = 4.62, 2.2–9.5), lower personal income (< $20,000 vs ≥ $50,000 OR = 3.18, 1.6–6.3), new cancer event (OR = 2.14, 1.5–3.1), union membership (union membership yes vs no OR = 1.88, 1.3–2.7; self-employed vs not union member OR = 0.60, 0.3–1.05), and value of work since diagnosis (decreased vs increased: OR = 1.83, 1.1–3.0)
Tison et al., 2016 [52]; Alleaume et al. 2018 [53]	• Patient-related: marital status, gender, age, dependent children • Clinical: cancer prognosis, adverse cancer event, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, comorbidities, mental health, chronic neuropathic pain • Work-related: employment sector at diagnosis, socio-professional status, wages at diagnosis, full-time/part-time at diagnosis, type of employment contract, self-employed versus employee, business sector	Older age, not having children, and poor cancer prognosis, were significantly related to not working at 2 years after cancer diagnosis. Age 18–39 (OR 1.69, 1.00–2.9) or age 50–54 (OR 1.65, 1.06–2.6), not having children (OR 2.1, 1.3–3.4), poor cancer prognosis (OR 3.6, 1.6–8.2), adverse cancer event (OR 2.1, 1.3–3.3), chemotherapy (OR1.6, 1.1–2.4), comorbidities (OR 2.0, 1.2–3.4), mental health (OR 0.96, 0.95–0.98), chronic neuropathic pain (OR 2.6, 1.7–3.9), private sector (OR 2.5, 1.5–4.3), execution function (OR 2.2, 1.4–3.2), and higher wages at diagnosis (OR 1.01, 0.99–1.03) were significantly related to leaving employment at 5 years after cancer diagnosis
Vartanian et al. 2006 [55]	• Patient-related: gender, age, alcohol use, education, pain, quality-of-life score • Clinical: cancer site, stage, treatment, permanent tracheostomy	More advance stage (VI vs I OR = 3.5, 1.5–8.1), alcohol use before treatment (OR = 2.6, 1.3–5.2), and lower education (high school or college vs illiterate OR = 0.2, 0.5–0.8) were significantly associated with being unable to work > 2 years post-diagnosis

^aOnly results significant in multivariable analyses are reported