Effect of RYGB, S-AL, or S-WM on insulin tolerance tests and insulin sensitivity in FXR−/− (KO) and wildtype (WT) mice after surgery. Insulin tolerance test at 15 weeks after surgery (A). Glucose AUC 0–120min at 15 weeks after surgery (B). HOMA-IR (C) at 16 weeks after surgery. ∗ = P < 0.05, ∗∗ = P < 0.01, ∗∗∗ = P < 0.001 S-AL vs. RYGB in WT mice, # = P < 0.05, ## = P < 0.01 S-WM vs. RYGB in WT mice, $ = P < 0.05, $$ = P < 0.01 S-AL vs. RYGB in KO mice by two-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test. Data are shown as mean ± SEM (n = 8–10 per group). S-AL: sham-operated animals fed ad libitum; S-WM: sham-operated animals weight matched to RYGB-operated mice; RYGB: Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery; KO, knockout; WT, wild type. AUC: area under curve. HOMA-IR: the homeostasis model assessment ratio.